L9: Review lesson

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Review lesson

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The 7 nutrients we need

1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats
4. Water
5. Vitamins
6. Minerals
7. Fibres

What do we need nutrients for? 

1. Growth and repair
2. Energy
3. To stay healthy 

GROWTH & REPAIR

ENERGY

STAYING HEALTHY

PROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES

FATS

MINERALS

WATER

FIBRE

VITAMINS

Balanced Diet

• All nutrients
• Balanced amounts

RDA = Recommanded daily amount

-body size

-how active

-growing 

Unbalanced diet

• Obesity
• Marasmus (starvation)
• Kwashiorkor (lack of protein), swollen appearance
• Anorexia
• Bulemia 

Vitamin C

Iron

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Calcium

Iodine

Citrus fruits

Green vegetables

Yeast, cereals

Diary products

Orange fruits and vegetables

Salt / Bread

Dietary choices

• Vegetarian
  
• Vegan
  
• Pescetarian (only fish)
  
• Halal
  
• Kosher 
  

Pos = Black/Blue

Iodine test for starch 

Pos = Orange

Benedict's test for glucose

- 2 FINGERS OF EACH NUTRIENT

- 5 TEST TUBES

BLUE - 5 DROPS

CLEAR - 3 DROP

MIGHT NEED SHAKING

TEST 3

Pos = purple color

CALCULATIONS

• y= energy in Joules/gram
• V= volume of water in ml.
• deltaT=temperature difference water
• M= mass of peanut in grams

y=​M​​V⋅δT⋅4,2​​

PHASES OF DIGESTION:

• INGESTION
• MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• ABSORPTION
• EGESTION
• DEFAECATION

INGESTION:

MOVING THE FOOD INTO YOUR MOUTH

MECHANICAL DIGESTION:

• BREAKING THE FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES.
• THIS IS DONE BY YOUR TEETH

Teeth:

• INCISORS
• CANINES
• PREMOLARS
• MOLARS

• CHILD HAS 20
• ADULT HAS 32

• omnivore
• herbivore
• carnivore

CHEMICAL DIGESTION:

• BREAKING THE FOOD INTO EVEN SMALLER PIECES.
• USING ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN THE FOOD MOLECULES. 

KERBOODLE PAGE 54

Chemical digestion Step 1

the place: the mouth (esophagus)

the enzyme: amylase

the liquid: saliva (produced by the salivary glands)

the nutrient: carbohydrates

the products: glucose & maltose

The enzymes in your saliva start breaking down the carbohydrate molecules into maltose and glucose.

Down the tube!

Esophagus

Peristalsis: moving food down your gut

In your stomach

Digestive juices

-Proteases -> digestion proteins -> amino acids

-Hydrochloric acid -> acid PH, best for the enzymes

-Rennin (only babies) makes milk solid, stays in the stomach longer

-Acidic environment also kills germs

In your small intestine

3 important liquids: 

-Pancreatic juice (carbohydrases, proteases and lipases)

-Bile from the liver, stored in the gall bladder

     -Bile is alkaline neutralises acid from the stomach, best Ph for the small intestine                 enzymes to work

      -Bile emulsifies fats, increases surface area of fats lipase enzymes to act upon

Intestinal juice (carbohydrases, proteases, lipases) Complete digestion of food, made by                            the wall of the small intestine

Stomach

Mouth

Small intestine

Rennin

Lipase

Protease

Amylase

Protease

Amylase

Absorption

-Small intestine

-food had to pass trought the wall into the blood

contains millions of tiny, finger like processes called : Villi 

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VILLUS:

- LARGE SURFACE AREA (MORE CONTACT MORE ABSORPTION)

- ONE CELL LAYER THICK (THIN WALLS FASTER ABSORPTION)

- GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY (FAST TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS TO THE REST OF THE BODY)

Large intestine

-Mainly fibre, dead cells, bacteria and water

-Water absorbed in the blood 

-Solid waste (feaces) stored in the rectum

Egestion--> passing out of indigestible food 

Extra : The appendix

Functions - not really known

-Storage good bacteria? 

-Vestigial organ? 

-Removal does not cause health problens

Extra : Why vomit after food poisening?

-Bacteria, viruses or parasites in the food 

(Heat normally kills these germs)

-Bacteria make their way to the gut, survive the stomach

-Multiply, produce toxins (harmfull molecules)

-Immune response --> Inflammation

-Toxins can open pores in the wall --> water comes out

-Toxins stimulate a nerve that causes vomiting to occur

Esophagus

Liver

Large intestine

Gall bladder

Stomach

Pancreas

Small intestine

anus

Ingestion

Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

Absorption

Egestion

MOVING THE FOOD INTO YOUR MOUTH

BREAKING THE FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES.

THIS IS DONE BY YOUR TEETH

BREAKING THE FOOD INTO EVEN SMALLER PIECES.

USING ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN THE FOOD MOLECULES. 

the movement of nutrients from the digestive system to the blood

The passing out of indigestible food through the anus, in the form of faeces.

Which nutrient provides energy?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. minerals
4. vitamins

Which nutrient provides use with building blocks for growth & repair?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. minerals
4. vitamins

What are potatoes a good source of?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. fibres
4. proteins

What are oranges a good source of ?

1. minerals
2. water
3. fibres
4. vitamins

What are cucumbers a good source of?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. fibres
4. proteins

What are stringy vegetables a good source of?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. fibres
4. proteins

What are eggs a good source of?

1. carbohydrates
2. water
3. fibres
4. proteins

HW for next lesson 

Finish the 5 goformatives 

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