Relative clauses

• Engels
• Secundair onderwijs

Relative clauses

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a. The children who were tired went straight to bed.

b. The children, who were tired, went straight to bed.

1. Were all the children tired?

2. Did all the children go to bed?

Exercise 1 page 112

The children who were tired went straight to bed.

Defining relative clause

• Specifies who or what you are talking about in a larger group of people or things.
• When removed, the meaning of the sentence changes.
• Not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas

• The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
• The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.

The children, who were tired, went straight to bed.

Non-defining relative clause

• Provides additional information.
• When removed, the meaning of the sentence doesn't change.
• Separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

• The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us potatoes.
• Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, live in herds of 10 or more adults

c. It was getting late, so we decided to stay at the          first hotel which had a pool.

d. It was getting late, so we decided to stay at the          first hotel, which had a pool.

Exercise 1 p 112

Defining

Non-defining

People

Things

People

Things

who

that

which

that

who

which

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

The boy who is playing is county champion.

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

The boy who is playing is county champion.

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

The teacher that I met is Head of Maths.

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

The teacher that I met is Head of Maths.

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

The teacher (that) I met is Head of Maths.

Defining relative clause

• Relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
• Relative pronoun must be included when it is the subject of the relative clause

Colours which can be worn are black, navy and grey.

The book that I recommend costs £8.50.

Where, when and why?

• Used instead of a relative pronoun
• Only after a noun
• Defining relative clauses: when and why can be omitted.
• Non-defining relative clauses: when and why can not be omitted.

I want to read the book ... you gave me.

1. Who or that
2. Which or that
3. Who
4. Which

The officer, ... John told his story to, was nice.

1. Who or that
2. Which or that
3. Who
4. Which

My brother, ... is 24 years old, still lives at home.

1. Who or that
2. Which or that
3. Who
4. Which

Exercise 2 page 112

• Defining (D) or non-defining (ND)?
• Underline the relative pronoun

Exercise 2 page 112

• Jamie Eagle, who is the outright winner of today's slot-car racing, is with me now. ND
• I'm on the lookout for older ones that have text on the picture. D
• Looking at the stamps, they're older than you say, which is brilliant. ND
• I knew someone once who had an absolute passion for making things out of wood.

Exercise 2 page 112

• It was my cousin who's to blame. D
• Jenny Braintree, whose bedroom I'm sitting in right now, has a rather unusual hobby. ND
• I'm trying to paint a scene from every country in the world, most of which I haven't been to. ND
• The group that puts on these events was only formed about four months ago. D

Exercise 3 page 112

• The picture which/that I wanted to buy had already been sold.
• She was the teacher who/that I really looked up to.
• The thing which/that I can't stand about Harry is his odd socks!
• That boy who/that you met at John's party plays tennis.
• The hotel which/that we stayed at had luxurious bathrooms.

Exercise 4 page 112

• where
• when
• who
• which

Who vs whom

Informal English

Who as both subject and object

Formal written English

Who as subject

Whom as object OR with preposition

Exercise 5 page 113

• The collector from whom I have bought many rare film posters lives in Paris.
• The weird millionaire for whom my sister worked expected het to clean his collection of antiques every day.
• Wetherby, with whom I went riding, was always the perfect gentlemen.

Whose

Used for both people and things

Expresses possesion

Exercise 6 page 113

• The singer, whose art collection is now worth millions, has always been a fan of modern British painters.
• Maria, whose hobbies include skydiving and collecting antiques, works in a bank in central London.
• The hot air balloon, whose first flight was made in 1783, was designed by the Montgolfier Brothers.
• Collectores, whose number has doubled over the last decade, form an increasingly large part of the buyers at local auctions.