6.4 fighting in the name of god

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6.4 fighting in the name of god

After this lesson you can explain the causes of the crusades.

Today's lesson

• Recap of the previous lesson.
• short explanation of 6.4
• Time to work
• A quiz to check what you have learned today

Memory game......read the following text and try to memorize it 

In the previous section you learned that during the 

late Middle Ages, cities became new power blocks. 

They gained city rights from landlords in exchange for money, services or goods. These rights gave the cities certain privileges such as permission to organise markets. They used their economic and political power to support their landlords or kings. 

Some cities founded or joined the Hanseatic League to improve trade.  Groningen, Kampen and Zwolle are examples of members of this league.

Gradually cities became able to govern themselves. People moved to cities for more opportunities and greater freedom. Free people who lived in cities were called burghers.

Fill in the gaps....

In the previous section you learned that during the 

late Middle Ages, cities became new power blocks. 

They gained city rights from landlords in exchange for money, services or goods. These rights gave the cities certain privileges such as permission to organise markets. They used their economic and political power to support their landlords or kings. 

Some cities founded or joined the Hanseatic League to improve trade.  Groningen, Kampen and Zwolle are examples of members of this league.

Gradually cities became able to govern themselves. People moved to cities for more opportunities and greater freedom. Free people who lived in cities were called burghers.

Fill in the gaps

In the previous section you learned that during the

late Middle Ages, cities became new power blocks.

They gained city rights from landlords in exchange for money, services or goods. These rights gave the cities certain privileges such as permission to organise markets. They used their economic and political power to support their landlords or kings.

Some cities founded or joined the Hanseatic League to improve trade. Groningen, Kampen and Zwolle are examples of members of this league.

Gradually cities became able to govern themselves. People moved to cities for more opportunities and greater freedom. Free people who lived in cities were called burghers.

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6.4 fighting in the name of god

After this lesson you can explain the causes and effects of the crusades.

a Crusade

• Can you imagine a modern-day pope organising a military campaign?...Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095. It's a holy war.  

• What shape is the world?
• There's a man on top of the world. Who do you think he is?
• There's a city in the center of the world. Which city could it be? 

Contact between Christians and Muslims

• The contact is usually peaceful: trade
  
• This changes when the Seljuks, a Turkish people, conquer large parts of the Byzantine empire 

Problems in the Byzantine Empire

• The Emperor of the Byzantine Empire feels threatened.
  
• Seljuks control Jerusalem and are close to his Empire.
  
• The emperor asks the pope for help.

In 1095, Pope Urban II asked all Christians in Western Europe for help. He wanted to organise Crusades: military expeditions to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Why did the Pope ask his followers to fight? And why did so many people respond to his plea?

Painting by Frederic Schopin (1804-1880) depicting the First Crusade — "Battle delivered under the walls of Antioch between the crusaders led by Bohemond and the army of Karbouka, general of the Sultan of Persia, June 1098" 

A call for help

Islam rapidly spread in the Middle East after it was established by Muhammad in the seventh century. Around 1050, a Turkish Muslim tribe called the Seljuqs had conquered large parts of the Arabian world. By 1080 the Seljuqs threatened to attack the Byzantine Empire. This Christian empire was the eastern continuation of what was once the Roman Empire. Its Emperor, Alexios I, called on Pope Urban II to help him.

modern painting depicting the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 AD.

In this 15th-century French miniature depicting the Battle of Manzikert, the combatants are clad in contemporary Western European armour.

Jerusalem: a divided city

Around the year 1000, Muslims  conquered the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is a very special city. The three great monotheistic faiths see Jerusalem as a holy city.

For the Jews, Jerusalem is a holy city because it is where the famous Temple of Solomon once stood. 

But the Christians also see Jerusalem as their holy city, because Jesus Christ lived in the city and was killed and buried near Jerusalem. 

Finally, Islam also sees Jerusalem as a holy city, because Mohammed ascended to heaven from Jerusalem.

Until the year 1000, followers of all three faiths could make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. But when the Muslims took control of Jerusalem, pilgrims of other faiths were no longer welcome. 

The Wailing Wall: the remains of the Jewish Temple of Salomon

the Christian Church of the Holy Sepulchre built on the site where Jesus was crucified

the Dome on the Rock, built on the place where Muhammad ascended into heaven

Catholic and orthodox church

The Pope wanted to make the Holy Land, Jerusalem and its surroundings, Christian again. Christians who wanted to visit Jerusalem, so-called pilgrims, should be able to travel there safely. Giving support to Alexios I could also make the Pope more powerful.

In 1054, the Great Schism took place: The Church split up between the Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East. The Byzantine Empire did not recognise the authority of the Pope in Rome as their religious leader. Instead of Latin, Greek was used in the Eastern Orthodox Church. They also had their own leader, who was called the patriarch of Constantinople.

Urban II saw the Crusades as a chance to reunite all Christians and become the spiritual leader of the entire Christian Church, both catholic and orthodox.

In 2016 Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill have held the first meeting of a Catholic pope and the head of the Russian Orthodox Church in almost 1,000 years. 

Medieval map of the (flat) earth with Jerusalem at the center.

God wills it !

In 1095, Urban II organized a council in the city of Clermont. It was visited by so many nobles and churchmen that the meeting had to take place outside. In a religious speech called a sermon, he pleaded for the nobility and people to free the Holy Land from the control of the Seljuqs. He told the people that the Seljuqs robbed, tortured or even killed Christian women and children.

Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont was very successful. People were said to have shouted ‘God wills it!’ in response. They were especially eager to take action, because the Pope had promised that all their sins would be forgiven if they took part in the Crusades.

Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont. Painting from 1474 (Bibliothèque nationale).

Pope Urban II’s speech at Clermont, according to an eyewitness called Fulcher of Chartres. His chronicle about the First Crusade was published around 1106.

The first Crusade

The pope had hoped for a couple of hundred knights to answer the call. But instead, about 100,000 common men and women, mostly peasants with very little fighting skills, took part in the First Crusade.

Only 15,000 of them eventually reached Jerusalem in 1099. Most of them died of hunger, thirst, exhaustion and disease. Along the way, the Crusaders plundered towns and villages to find food and supplies. Apart from the knights, most of them had no real weapons to fight the Muslims.

Women enthusiastically took part of the Crusades. An Arab historian called Imad al-Din (1125-1201) even wrote that they wore men’s clothes and joined the front lines.

Jerusalem captured

1099

• Jerusalem is captured from the Muslims by the Crusaders.
  
• In Jerusalem, the Crusaders massacred Muslims, especially since Christians, Jews and Muslims live peacefully side by side.
  

Saladin fights back

• The Arabs, who see Jerusalem as a holy city as well, fight back.
• The most famous battle was between Richard Lionsheart & Saladin..
• De first crusade was quite succesful, but the 2nd - 9th not anymore.

Consequences

• Origin of Crusader states (such as the Kingdom of Jerusalem)
  
• Increased trade in Europe (Italy) and the Middle East.
  
• Knowledge about Arab culture and science (figures) in Europe is increasing

Effects of the crusades

1. Crusader states: small countries formed by the crusaders
   
   
2. New trade routes
   
   
3. The Europeans learned about the Greeks and Romans from the muslims

Time to work...

• read page 131 and 132
• HW Learn 6,2 and make 6.2 ( Exercise: 1 up until 12 and 14 )
• Take a look at onderwijsportaal.
• Work ahead: make summaries, try to learn the key-words by heart etc

Crusades are:

1. A holy war against moslims
2. Tour along crossroads
3. Pelgrim tour to Jerusalem
4. A trip to create crusader states

Travelling to a holy place is...

1. a pilgrimage
2. a sin
3. a voyage
4. a crusade

How did the First Crusade start?

1. Emperor Alexius asked Pope Urban II for help
2. Pope Urban II wanted some more land
3. The christians hated the muslims
4. European knights were looking for glory

In which time period were the Crusades?

1. Monks and Knights
2. Cities and States
3. Discoverers and reformers
4. Regents and Rulers

What was NOT a cause for the crusades?

1. The Turks who threatened Constantinople
2. The Pope who wanted to unite Christian Europe
3. The occupation of Jerusalem by the Turks
4. The Turks who threatened the Pope.

Drag the names to their correct location(s).

the Seljuk empire

the holy land

parts of the Islamic Empire

the Byzantine empire

Jerusalem

The Vatican city

What were two reasons for the Pope to call for a 'holy war'?

Why would people join a crusade?

How many crusades took place?

1. 7
2. 8
3. 6
4. 9

Who did not join the crusades?

1. Muslim
2. Poor people
3. Children
4. Soldiers

When did the crusades took place?

1. 0-500
2. 0-1500
3. 500-1000
4. 1000-1500

Why did people organize the crusades?

1. To replace their religion
2. To liberate Rome.
3. Simply to fight.
4. To recapture Jerusalem.

What can't you connect to the crusades?

1. Their were many victems
2. The Holy Land was partly recaptured
3. Crusades were trading missions.
4. The journey lasted years

Massacre of the Jews

The Crusades were a turning point in the history of the Jews. Although local bishops were against it, crusaders killed groups of Jewish people as they travelled to the Holy Land.

In parts of France and Germany, Jews were seen as enemies of Christians, just as much as the Muslims. During the First Crusade this led to the destruction of Jewish communities in Germany, known as the Rhineland Massacres. After Jerusalem was captured in 1099, Crusaders massacred about 70,000 Jews and Muslims.

During the Second and Third Crusades, Jews in France suffered most. In England, the persecution of Jews went furthest: they were completely expelled from the country in 1290.

These massacres are often seen as the first in a sequence of antisemitic events in Europe which culminated in the Holocaust in World War 2.

Massacre of the Jews of Metz during the First Crusade, by Auguste Migette, 19th century

What were the different motives for the Crusades?

Why did so many people join the crusade? Some reasons for going were:

1. To obey the Pope's call to free the Holy city from the infidels and ensure access for pilgrims. 
2. To be forgiven for past sins. The Pope offered forgiveness for anyone who took part. This was important for knights who had killed many people in battle.
3. To get land overseas. This was tempting for a younger son who would not inherit his father's lands.
4. Kings encouraged troublesome knights to go on Crusade because it got them out of the country.
5. To see the world, have an adventure and prove their bravery.
6. Serfs, peasants who belonged to their lord, joined the Crusades because the Pope promised them their freedom if they went.
7. To gain wealth.

• .
  

A HOLY WAR

• In 1095 Pope Urbanus II calls for a holy war, a crusade.
  
• Goal 1: Free the Holy Land of Palestine from the Muslims
  
• Goal 2: Reduce Turkish raids on the Byzantine empire

WHY WOULD YOU FIGHT?

• to Free the holy city of Jerusalem.
• So that their sins would disappear 
• For the adventure and to become rich
• Knights who wanted to become a monarch