V4 - Unit 10 and 11

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Units 10 and 11

In unit 10 we focus on vocabulary: word formation and binomials. In unit 11 you will practice with reading (multiple choice and gap text), vocabulary and you will learn how to apply reported speech.

You live and learn!

• rise and fall
• dead or alive
  
• dos and don'ts
  
• fair and square
• loud and clear

Unit 10: you live and learn.
Do you know more binomials?

Binomials

1. Her house is always very neat and ………: there’s never anything out of place.

2. I’m sick and ……… of our neighbours making such a noise – I’m gonna call the police.

3. His speech was short and ……… – he just said what he needed to say and he was very quick about it.

4. The bosses of the advertising agency always wine and ……….. their top clients.

5. There’s nothing important in those cupboards, just a few odds and …………...

6. That dog is all skin and ………….. I don’t think anyone ever feeds it.

7. We rocked the baby back and ………….. in the chair until she fell asleep.

8. Not all the food in that restaurant is fantastic, but by and ………….. it’s very good.

9. People travel from far and ……………. to see the birthplaces of the Beatles.

10. The next match is make or …………… for us. If we lose we’ll have no chance of winning the league.

11. Long hours of training and a lot of travelling are part and ………….. of being a professional footballer.

12. The missing boy returned to his family safe and …………….

13. There are different rules and ………….. for commercial vehicles than for ordinary passenger cars.

14. You mean I can get a discount because I’m under 26? Well, you live and …………. – I never knew that!

15. There’s always lots of hustle and …………… at the market on Wednesdays.

16. The wear and ………… on his knees means he can no longer play football at the top level.

17. The product sold badly because the salesmen travelled to customers willy-………. without any strategy or plan.

18. You’ve got your t-shirt on back to …………! Take it off and turn it around.

19. Follow the course step by ………….. and you will learn how to create modern and attractive web pages.

1. Neat and tidy:  clean, organised, tidy – not messy or untidy (also clean and tidy)
2. sick and tired:  annoyed or frustrated with something / someone and at the point of getting angry or losing your patience
3. short and sweet: when something is very quick and to-the-point; of minimum length and no longer than it needs to be
4. wine and dine: wine and dine someone – entertain someone with a good quality meal
5. odds and ends: various items of different types, usually small, often of little value and importance
6. skin and bone: to be very thin; to look underfed
7. back and forth: moving first in one direction then in another
8. by and large: on the whole
9. far and wide: a large number of places, across a large geographical area; often used with from
10. make or break: the result will be either success or failure, nothing between
11. part and parcel: that something is always an essential part of something and is never missing from it
12. safe and sound: not in danger and not injured in any way
13. rules and regulations: laws, rules, legislation
14. live and learn: to learn from the experiences that life gives us (often you live and learn), said when you hear or discover something which is surprising
15. hustle and bustle: a lot of noisy activity caused by people, usually in cities
16. wear and tear: the decrease in value or quality of something because of its age and a lot of use
17. willy-nilly: haphazardly, randomly, and without much planning and organisation; without order
18. back to front: when the back of something faces the front, and vice-versa
19. step by step: to do something methodically, one step at a time

CAE word formation

• https://www.flo-joe.co.uk/cae/students/strategy/cae_word_formation.htm
• https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/advanced-word-formation.php

Want to 

practise some more?

Unit 11: Reported speech

Revise the basics

Indirect speech

Rule no 1: Backshift

Take a step back in time

Present simple > Past simple

Jessie: "I am happy with my mark for English."

Maria: "Jessie said that she was happy with her mark for English"

Present continuous > Past continuous

Jessie: "I am going to visit my aunt."

Maria: "Jessie said that she was going to visit her aunt." 

Past simple   >   Past perfect

Jessie: "Last week I worked at McDonalds."

Maria: "Jessie said that she had worked at McDonalds the week before."

Changing the tense

Direct speech Mary:          "He tells a lie"

Reported speech:                She said that he told a lie

Present simple → Past simple

So what happens is that when we change the verb tense, we take a step 'back in time', as it were. Have a look →

Tense changes

Mary: "He is telling a lie"                                                            She said that he was telling a lie

Present continuous    →                                                            Past continuous

Mary: "He has told a lie                                                              She said that he had told a lie

Present perfect    →                                                                    Past perfect

Mary: "He told a lie"                                                                     She said that he had told a lie

Past simple    →                                                                            Past perfect

Mary: "He was telling a lie"                                                      She said that he had been telling a lie

Past continuous    →                                                                  Past perfect continuous

Mary: "He had told a lie"                                                           She said that he had told a lie

Past perfect    →                                                                          Past perfect  

Tense changes

Mary: "He will tell a lie"                                                               She said that he would tell a lie

Will     →                                                                                             would

Mary: "He can tell a lie"                                                              She said that he could tell a lie

Can     →                                                                                            could

Mary: "He should tell a lie"                                                       She said that he should tell a lie

Should    →                                                                                      should / should have + past participle

When something is reported that is a general truth, there is often no tense change.

Teacher: “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."

The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.  

Rule no 2: make some changes

Change pronouns and references to time

Jessie: "My parents and I will visit our aunt."

Maria: "Jessie said that her parents and she would visit their aunt."

Jessie: Yesterday I was at school, but today I am at home."

Maria: "Jessie said that the day before she had been at school, but  that day she was at home."

Reported speech: Advanced

Reporting verbs

We can use a wide variety of verbs to introduce reported information. Different verbs are followed by different structures.

Go to page 168 of your book (Grammar Folder) and familiarize yourselves with the list of reporting verbs and learn the corresponding structures for your test.

For example

She promised to do that                     (infinitive)

She warned me not to do that.        (object +infinitive + negation)

She warned him about doing that. (object + gerund)

She insisted on doing that.               (gerund)

She told him to do that.                       (object + infinitive)

etc.

--> page 168

Turn into reported speech

1. John: “She is having a dentist’s appointment tomorrow”.
   
2. Mr X: “ You should finish the job this week”.
   
3. Emma: “I have never been so embarrassed”.
   
4. Tom: “When were we supposed to call our boss?”
   
5. Mum: “ My children were at home”
   
6. I: “ I cannot do my homework”.
   
7. Teacher: “ You must open your books and copy these sentences”.
   
8. Guy: “ I loved going to America”    

Answers

1. John said that she was having a dentist’s appointment the following day.
   
2. Mr X said that I/we should have finished/ should finish the job that week.
   
3. Emma said that she had never been so embarrassed.
   
4. Tom asked when they had been supposed to call their boss.
   
5. Mum said that her children had been at home.
   
6. I said that I couldn’t do my homework.
   
7. The teacher said that we had to open our books and copy those sentences.
   
8. Guy said that he had loved going to America.  

Change into reporting speech using the given reporting verb

1. Tom: “Gerry cheats at tests.” (accuse)
   
2. Jerry: “you must replace A by B” (explain)
   
3. Joe: “ I do not know anything” (deny)
   
4. Mary: “I will help you” (promise)
   
5. Christa: “You could work harder” ( suggest)
   
6. We: “ stop cheating at tests” (warn)
   
7. The reporter: “Mr Johnston has been arrested for murder” ( claim)
   
8. Mum: “You must eat all your spinach” (urge)    

Answers

1. Tom accused Gerry of cheating at tests.
   
2. Jerry explained that I had to replace A by B.
   
3. Joe denied knowing anything / Joe denied that he knew anything
   
4. Mary promised to help me / Mary promised (me) that she would help me.
   
5. Christa suggested working harder / Christa suggested that we could work harder
   
6. We warned you that you must stop cheating at tests. / We warned you to stop cheating at tests.
   
7. The reporter claimed that Mr Johnson had been arrested for murder
   
8. Mum urged us to eat all our spinach.  

Want to practise some more?

https://englishgrammarexercise.com/reported-speech-exercises/

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g47-advanced-direct-to-reported-speech-gap-fill.php

Reading and vocab

Pages 70+71: Reading ex. 2 and 4

Page 71: Vocabulary ex. 5

Pages 74+75: Exam folder 5 ex. 1 (questions 1-6)