Trias politica+The social issues /The battle of the schools /The battle over suffrage

Montesquieu
Important French philosopher during the Enlightenment
1689-1775
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This lesson contains 29 slides, with text slides and 2 videos.

time-iconLesson duration is: 50 min

Items in this lesson

Montesquieu
Important French philosopher during the Enlightenment
1689-1775

Slide 1 - Slide

Montesquieu
Separation of powers: 'Trias Politica';

1. Legislative power
2. Executive power
3. Judicial power


Slide 2 - Slide

Montesquieu
Separation of powers: 'Trias Politica';

1. Legislature (1st and 2nd chamber)
2. Executive power (Government + king)
3. Judicial power (Judges)

Never in the hands of one person!


Slide 3 - Slide

Learning goal
1. the arise of different political parties
2. explain what the 3 political talking points were and in what way the different political parties wanted to solve it.

Slide 4 - Slide

Situation around 1848
  • Due to census suffrage, mostly wealthy men (11%) aged 23 years and above of the population voted.
  • These men mainly voted for the Liberals.
  • The Liberals thus had the most power in the Netherlands.
  • Women were also not allowed to vote.

Slide 5 - Slide

Why do political parties arise?
  • Catholics feel disadvantaged. They fight for emancipation: equal rights as Protestants
  • Socialists want to help the socially disadvantaged.

  • Against the ideas of Liberals (mainly Protestants)

Slide 6 - Slide

Slide 7 - Video

Around 1900
1.The social issues.
2. The battle of the schools.
3. The battle over suffrage


Slide 8 - Slide

Slide 9 - Slide

The Social Issues
  • An issue is a problem
Workers' poor living and working conditions are evident.

Late 19th century.

Especially in the cities.

Slide 10 - Slide

Social Issues
  • 'The rich get richer, the poor get poorer'
Only 'the rich' get to vote

This keeps 'the rich' in power

Slide 11 - Slide

Let op: De weekinkomsten van een mannelijke arbeider
was ongeveer 900 cent (9 gulden)

Slide 12 - Slide

Who helps the workers? 
  • Some manufacturers did give the workers some extras (sometimes also out of self-interest: a fitter worker works harder...)
Workers go on strike: this only works if everyone goes on strike, and that was hard to sustain

Workers start cooperating in unions.

Slide 13 - Slide

Who helps the workers? 
The Netherlands has three major political groups: socialists, confessionalists  and liberals.

These political groups all have a different solution to the Social Question, but also all have their own interests

Slide 14 - Slide

Socialists
  • Government must do all it can to protect workers
Better workers' conditions (including more pay)

To achieve this: fight for universal suffrage (including with strikes and demonstrations)

Slide 15 - Slide

Liberals

  • Night watchman state: government only provides order and security
Leave the economy completely free

Social laws cost too much money

Liberal Union (more to follow)

Slide 16 - Slide

Confessionalists
  • Confession=faith (Protestant/Roman Catholic)
Inequality because God wants it that way

Good Christians help each other

Employers and employees must come out together

Slide 17 - Slide

SInce 1848, there was freedom of religion in the Netherlands. There were 2 types of education: regular schools and special schools.(Catholic and Protestant). The government only paid for regular schools.

Slide 18 - Slide

The confessionalists (Catholics and Protestants) wanted the government to pay for special schools as well. The Liberals did not want this. This quarrel is called the battle of the schools.

Slide 19 - Slide

Emancipation
Emancipation is the pursuit of equal rights for groups that feel disadvantaged. So around 1900, these were mainly labourers, confessionals (=Catholics and Protestants) and women.

Slide 20 - Slide

How?

Slide 21 - Slide

Pieter Jelles Troelstra (SDAP)
Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (SDB)

Slide 22 - Slide

Herman Schaepman (Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen)
Abraham Kuyper (ARP)

Slide 23 - Slide

Pacification 1917
Pacification literally means peacemaking
Political peace was made between the parties by resolving a number of political problems.
The Socialists and the Confessionalists decided to work together.

Slide 24 - Slide

Pacification 1917
The Soclialists supported the demand of the Confessionalists (payment for their schools by the government)
The Confessionalists supported the demand of the Socialists (universal suffrage)

Slide 25 - Slide

Main consequences of the Pacification (1)
  • The Battle of the Schools comes to an end
Universal suffrage is introduced for men (from the age of 23)

There is suffrage for women (1917: passive suffrage, 1919: active suffrage)

Slide 26 - Slide

Slide 27 - Video

Proportions in the Second Chamber before and after the Pacification 1917

Slide 28 - Slide

 St Nicholas party 1917'
Aletta Jacobs
Zij krijgt hier 'niks', omdat vrouwen slechts passief en geen actief kiesrecht kregen.
Pieter Jelles Troelstra
Hij was blij, omdat er algemeen kiesrecht voor mannen kwam.
Abraham Kuyper
Hij was blij, omdat er ook geld kwam voor bijzonder onderwijs.

Slide 29 - Slide