U.S. History EOC Review: Civil War to Imperialism (SS.912.A.2.1–SS.912.A.4.11)
Florida U.S. History EOC Review
U.S. History EOC Review: Civil War to Imperialism (SS.912.A.2.1–SS.912.A.4.11)
Florida U.S. History EOC Review
Causes of the Civil War
Sectionalism intensified between North and South.
Disputes over the expansion of slavery into new territories.
Economic differences: industrial North vs. agricultural South.
States’ rights versus federal authority.
Course of the Civil War
Key battles: Gettysburg, Antietam, Vicksburg.
Emancipation Proclamation issued in 1863.
Sherman’s March to the Sea devastated the South.
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House (1865).
Union Soldier destroying Southern Railroad
Consequences of the Civil War
End of slavery (13th Amendment).
Massive loss of life and economic disruption.
Reconstruction era began.
Strengthened the power of the federal government.
Reconstruction: Key Figures and Groups
Radical Republicans pushed for harsh Reconstruction policies.
President Andrew Johnson opposed many Radical plans.
Freedmen’s Bureau established to help former slaves.
Southern resistance groups like the Ku Klux Klan emerged.
Republican Party Divisions
Moderates sought quick reunification.
Radicals demanded full rights for freedmen.
Tensions over presidential versus Congressional control.
Debate over readmission terms for Southern states.
The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
13th Amendment: Abolished slavery.
14th Amendment: Citizenship and equal protection.
15th Amendment: Voting rights for African American men.
Southern states resisted through discriminatory practices.
Jim Crow Laws and Segregation
Enforced racial segregation in the South.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) legalized 'separate but equal'.
Limited political rights through poll taxes and literacy tests.
Led to disenfranchisement and systemic inequality.
Black Codes, the Nadir, and Sharecropping
Black Codes restricted African American freedoms.
The Nadir: lowest point of race relations post-Reconstruction.
Sharecropping trapped African Americans in debt.
Debt peonage limited economic advancement.
Native American Experience (1865–1890)
Forced onto reservations through treaties and conflict.
Dawes Act (1887) attempted assimilation.
Resistance: Battle of Little Bighorn, Wounded Knee Massacre.
Loss of traditional lands and ways of life.
Economic Challenges for Farmers
Falling crop prices hurt farmers' incomes.
Debt and foreclosure widespread among farmers.
Monopolistic railroad pricing practices.
Farmers formed alliances and movements like the Populists.
Industrialization and Social Change
Rapid urbanization due to factory jobs.
Widening gap between rich and poor.
Growth of labor unions to demand better conditions.
Migration from rural areas to industrial cities.
First vs. Second Industrial Revolution
First: textiles, steam power, early factories.
Second: steel, electricity, mass production.
Increased national wealth but unevenly distributed.
Rise of corporations and monopolies.
Immigration and Urban Growth
Northern European vs. Southern/Eastern European immigrants.
Asian immigration restricted by Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).
Overcrowded urban neighborhoods.
Rise of political machines like Tammany Hall.
Social Reform Movements
Settlement houses provided services for immigrants.
Social Gospel movement linked faith to reform.
Muckrakers exposed corruption and injustices.
Push for women's suffrage and labor reforms.
Labor Movement and Strikes
Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor.
Major strikes: Haymarket Riot in Chicago..Pullman Strike expands nationwide.
Demanded better wages, hours, and conditions.
Often met with violent suppression.
Political Machines and Urban Corruption
Provided services in exchange for votes.
Controlled city politics through patronage.
Example: Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall.
Progressive reformers sought to curb their power.
American Imperialism: Causes and Motives
Desire for new markets and raw materials.
Social Darwinism and White Man’s Burden ideology.
Military expansionism: Alfred Thayer Mahan’s influence.
National pride and competition with European powers.
Spanish-American War
Caused by Cuban independence struggle and USS Maine explosion.
Yellow journalism fueled American support for war.
U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico.
Signaled emergence as a global power.
The Panama Canal
Shortened trade routes between Atlantic and Pacific.
U.S. supported Panamanian independence from Colombia.
Harsh conditions during construction (disease, terrain).
Symbol of growing American influence.
Florida's Role in Spanish-American War
Tampa served as staging area for U.S. troops.
Railroads critical in moving soldiers and supplies.
Florida economy benefited from war activities.
Established Florida’s strategic military importance.