Les 2 - Modes of Persuasion

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Speeches Lesson 2

Modes of Persuasion

Join the lessonup, quiet down and 

get pen and paper (so not your laptop) for notes!

Benoem het gebruik van pen en papier!

Today

Learning goals

You can:

• explain in your own words what logos, pathos and ethos are
  
• analyse a speech with these concepts
  
• use them to build a framework for your own speech

Programme

You will:

1. Take notes during the instruction on modes of persuasion
2. Analyse What's School For?
3. Work on your own speech

Modes of Persuasion: Context

• Invented by Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• Basis for Greek Rhetorics, the art of persuasion, one of the three first subjects taught in classical education
• One of the main subjects studied until the 19th century in Europe by monarchs, politicians, scholars, et cetera
• Three modes: logos, pathos and ethos

Verder inlezen? Wikipedia is je vriend! 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion

- BCE = before common era, de nu gangbare manier van voor Christus zeggen.

- Andere twee subjects waren logic en grammar (als in taal). Als je het wil melden: na die drie kregen ze arithmetic, geometry, music en astronomy

Structure of this explanation

For each mode: 

• What is it?
• What are you trying to achieve?
• What do you use to achieve it?
• What should you avoid?
• An example around convincing you to use pen and paper to write notes
• How valued is it?

Even duidelijkheid over wat er gaat komen

Modes of Persuasion: Logos

• The appeal to reason, your "argument", that is: the reasoning behind your opinion
  
• Goal: to convince the audience that your reasoning is valid
• Use: logical reasoning, facts, figures
• Avoid: getting your facts wrong, logical fallacies

• Example:
  A study published in Psychological Science shows that when you write notes on paper you remember things better than if you write on your computer

• Often given the most weight in modern western society, especially in school!
  
• Not the be-all and end-all!

Aantal voorbeelden die je kunt gebruiken:

Logical reasoning -> All spiders have eight legs. Black Widows are a type of spider. Therefore Black Widows have eight legs.

Facts and figures -> zie voorbeeld (je kan "will come up in a bit" zeggen)

Getting your facts wrong => if you get your facts wrong people won't agree with you, especially if they're easily verifiable

Logical falacies -> It should be okay to destroy property when you are angry  because angry people destroy things. / I saw a bunny this morning and then I was late for work so bunnies are bad luck

Met "given the most weight" bedoel ik dat dit ze echt wordt aangeleerd, terwijl de andere twee meer impliciet zijn

Modes of Persuasion: Pathos

• The appeal to emotion
  
• Goal: get your audience on your side by getting their emotions in tune with you
  
• Use: metaphors or stories, anecdotes, passion in your voice
• Avoid: inappropriate emotion, only going for emotion, not reading the room

• Example:
  Writing your notes on your computer is like putting all your clothes in one basket, while writing notes forces you to put your shirts and trousers in separate, neat piles

• Least explicitly valued, perhaps the most important!

stoies / anecdotes help interest your audience. Passion in your voice helps to get people to feel with you.

Inappropriate emotion: als je mensen boos wil maken moet je niet verdrietig doen

Alleen op de emotie gaan wordt vaak niet geaccepteerd, er moet iets van logica in zitten

Not reading the room = als je heel boos doet maar mensen worden niet boos met je dan vinden ze dat vaak niet overtuigend

Modes of Persuasion: Ethos

• The appeal to believability
• Odd one out: belongs to the audience
  
• You can try to convince them, but in the end ethos is something you get, not make

Still, you can contribute:

• Goal: to convince the audience that you know what you're talking about and are trustowrthy
  
• Use: the other modes to sound convincing, personal details or experiences that give you credit, goodwill you gained before
• Avoid: appealing to authority as a reason you're right (I'm a teacher so I'm right), losing goodwill

• Example:
  I studied at university for five (?) years and have a master's degree in education, so I have a lot of experience with note taking and I have learned about the science behind it

• Example of losing Ethos:
  When it was revealed Rutte had lied about discussing Omtzigt's position in the Second Chamber, the Second Chamber started a motion of distrust

• very important, especially in politics, not taught much

Modes of Persuasion: Summary

What do you remember? Explain in one sentence in Dutch if you're called on

• Logos
  
• Pathos
• Ethos

• I studied for years at university and have much experience with writing notes. I also got a degree in education, where I learned about the science behind note taking. For example, a study published in Psychological Science showed that memory worked better with pen and paper notes. Really, taking notes on your computer is like throwing all your clothes into one basket, while writing on paper forces you to make neat piles with your shirts and trousers separate. So if you want to learn best, take notes on paper!

Lln in een zin het laten uitleggen, in het Nederlands zodat het in eigen woorden is!

Example: What's school for?

• Video by Prince Ea, half speech half song
• Pay attention to how he uses pathos, when he uses logos, and how he builds his ethos
• After video: 2 minutes of quiet for you to think a bit more, then 5 minutes of discussing with your buddy, then 5 minutes of discussing as a group

Discussion

• Take 2 minutes to think: which things did you notice / write down?
• Discuss (max 10 min) with your buddy (break out rooms for people at home): 
  - How does he use pathos
  - When does he use logos and
  - How does he build his ethos
  

Assignment (homework next week)

• Use the work sheet on Teams and hand it in under Assignments 
• You have the rest of the lesson to work on this: use your time!