Chapter 4: New Imperialism & Colonialism (1850-1914)

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CHAPTER 4:

 

NEW IMPERIALISM

& COLONIALISM

(1850-1914)

IMPERIALISM

COLONIALISM

NEW IMPERIALISM

Period of intensified imperialistic expansion from the latter half of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The renewed push to expand territorial control included not only the earlier colonial powers of western Europe but also newcomers such as Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States.

HQ1:

WHICH COUNTRIES COLONISED WHICH PARTS OF THE WORLD?

WORLDMAP 1700

WHICH COUNTRIES/EMPIRES HAD COLONIES

WORLDMAP 1860

WHICH COUNTRY ACQUIRED MANY COLONIES AND BECAME THE BIGGEST GLOBAL EMPIRE WITH COLONIES ON ALL CONTINENTS?

1. US
2. RUSSIA
3. CHINA
4. UK

WHAT HAPPENED IN
SOUTH AMERICA?

WHICH PARTS OF THE WORLD WERE NOT YET COLONISED BY WESTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS?

“Imperial Federation,–Map of the World Showing the Extent

of the British Empire in 1886”

"Being born an Englishman is like winning the first prize in the lottery of life. We are the best people in the world, with the highest ideals where orderliness, justice, freedom and peace are concerned." 

Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist entrepreneur and politician

THE EXPLORATION OF AFRICA... 

(as of 1850) 

LE

LED TO...

... THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

WHAT CAUSED THE WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TO TURN THEIR GAZE ON AFRICA?
(tip: link with the Industrial Revolution)

WHAT HAS CHANGED?

REASON NAMECHANGE COLONISER
MOTHER COUNTRY => METROPOLE

1. Man felt they weren't given the credit for their efforts in the colonization (mother)
2. Mothercountry supposes that the colonies are treated well, which they weren't
3. Metropole expresses better the power relationship, the place from where they the colonies were governed
4. Protest of mothers because they were opposing colonialism

BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-1885)

COUNTRY BORDERS 1880 vs 1913?

AS WELL TERRITORIAL EXPANSION ELSEWERE

Imperialisme

Tekst

WHICH COUNTRIES HAD THE BIGGEST COLONIAL EMPIRE IN 1914?

1. Spain - Portugal
2. US - UK
3. UK - France - Russia
4. UK - France - Italy

Tekst

Nigeria

Kameroen

Marocco

Filippines

Mali

Congo

Mozambique

Guyana

HQ 2:
WHAT WERE THE MOTIVES FOR THE NEW IMPERIALISM & COLONISATION?

ACCORDING TO EXPLORER DAVID LIVINGSTONE

+ CONQUEST

4 C's

POLITICAL

CULTURAL

ECONOMICAL

CHRISTIANITY

CIVILISATION

CONQUEST

COMMERCE

BIG EMPIRE

NATIONAL PRIDE

NATURAL RESOURCES

SALES MARKET

CONDITIONS

- Medicins: kinine (interior)

- Transport: steamer

- Communication: telegraph

....

=> result of scientific and technological innovations

CULTURAL MOTIVE: CIVILISATION

CAUSE: superiority thinking 

(military / scientifically)

=> A White Man's Burden 

=> duty to civilise

=> Civilisation justifies use violence

Christianity: against heathens, slavery, polygamy, islam...

=> save the Africans

From the Cape to Cairo, Keppler, 1902

The White Man's Burden, Victor Gillam, Judge magazine, 1 April 1899

POLITICAL MOTIVE: NATIONALISM

- nation states 19th century

- rise of nationalism

- national identity & pride

- rivalry

ECONOMICAL MOTIVE: COMMERCE

- simultaneity Industrial  Revolution 

   & capitalism 

=> resources/raw materials needed

=> sales market

- exploitation: forced labour

ENTIRELY AT THE SERVICE OF METROPOLES

HISTORICAL TERMS 

• Imperialism
• New imperialism
• Colonialism
• Explorations 
• Territorial expansion 
• Scramble for Africa
• Berlin Conference 
• Mother country - metropole 
• 4 C's: civilisation - christianity - commerce - conquest 
• White man's burden 
• Superiority thinking
• Nationalism - national identity & pride
• Simultaneity
• Resources - sales markets - exploitation

HQ 3: How is the first wave of

imperialism/colonialism different from new imperialism?

COLONISATION 16th - 18th century

NEW IMPERIALISM (1850-1914)

Trading posts 

In search of resources for European economies

Many North-West European countries + US & Japan

Trading with local rulers

Big impact on local societies

Mainly coastal areas Africa and Asia

Mainly Spain & Portugal but as well UK and France

Forced labour

Focus on Africa and Asia

Conquering entire regions 

Mainly Americas

Before the Industrial Revolution

Inland colonisation

Slavery trade

Colonies as sales market

Take over complete control

Exploit overseas areas

After the Industrial Revolution

HQ 4: How did the relationship between Africans and Europeans change? How was this justified?

INFERIORITY => SOCIAL DARWINISM (CLASSIFICATION ETHNICITIES) => WHITE'S MAN BURDEN

Justification through stereotypes: primitive, underdeveloped, dumb, lazy, dirty, wild, cannibalistic

Denial of the culture, habits, history of the indigenous societies       

BANZA KONGO , Capital of the Kingdom of Kongo