The struggle for Indonesian independance

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Last week (2 minutes)

When did the Cold War started?

Countries?

Why did it started?

Different systems?

Any difficulties or other questions?

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Before WWII

• Political parties are banned: PKI (1927), PNI (1931)

• Leaders imprisoned: Sukarno en Hatta (PNI)

• only cooperative parties allowed

Japanese occupation

• Battle between NL and Japan lasted from jan-march 1942

• Most Dutch were imprisoned in kampongs (Jappenkampen)

• Sukarno en Hatta released and cooperate with the Japanese (independance in return) 

Jappenkampen

In India,  a British colony, Mahatma Gandhi led the struggle for independance.

Causes decolonisation

• The Japanese occupation showed that the West was not superior to Asian peoples. 
• Many Indonesian administrators had been educated in Europe, where they had learned about Western values (such as freedom and nationalism) (Sukarno also).
• The two most powerful countries (United States and Soviet Union) were both anti-imperialist  

Capitulation of  Japan

15th of August 1945

Sukarno calls out independance

17 augustus 1945

How is this possible? 

• Dutch are still in the camps

• No Dutch army around (in EU) 

• The Japanese had to controll order (!) 
• Pemudas (nationalistic young men) controll the street with terror

Bersiap-period

• autumn 1945-spring 1946

• No more authorities: who is in charge? Pemudas do whatever they want. 

• Violent period with thousands of (pro-) Dutch victims 

1st Politionele actie 

(july 1947-january 1948)

• Operatie Product (Agresi 1): restoring Dutch Authority

• Deliberate choice of the word 'politionele' actie and not for 'military'  or 'war'

• consequenses: civilians killed by frustrated Dutch boys, criticized by foreign countries

2nd Politionele actie 

(december 1948-january 1949)

• Operatie Kraai (Agresi 2): destruction of the Indonesian republic and imprison their leaders. 
• Swift reaction: intervention costed too much money. 

• War crimes commited by the Dutch 

Options

1. Watch the video (in Dutch) and make notes during watching for your file/ presentation.

2. Read par. 8.2 and make a summary and do some exercises (keep the goal in mind).

3. Finish last week's learning goal and try to catch up (you're one  week behind).

Extra material

On the next slide there's an interview with someone who was imprisoned in a "Jappenkamp".