2.8: From Republic to Empire -TEACH-

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Ron and Hermione are working on a school paper.
Ron's subject is "Roman gladiators" while Hermione is doing a paper about
19th century painting style.
Both want to use this painting of gladiators made by a French artist in 1872.
But they don't agree on whether the painting is a primary or a secondary source.
What do you think?

The Time of Greeks and Romans

2.8: From Republic to Empire

Make a note in your notebook 

The results of the Punic Wars:

1. Rome was now the only powerful state left in the region.
2. Rome established a professional army.

people in this lesson

Julius Caesar

consul / dictator

Rome

Cleopatra

queen

Egypt

Octavian Caesar

a.k.a "Augustus"

1st emperor

Rome

Vercingetorix

chieftain

Gaul

Mark Anthony

Caesar's friend

Rome

Octavian Caesar, nephew of 

Julius Caesar

Octavian would become Rome's first EMPEROR

under the name 

AUGUSTUS

remember: it's Caesar, not Ceasar

Octavian's uncle:

JULIUS CAESAR

(100 - 44 BC)

• never an emperor
• never a monarch

• During his life (and death) Rome was a REPUBLIC

2.8: from Republic to Empire.

• What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
• When? 1st century BC
• Who? Julius Caesar

• Structure of this lesson:
•      a. Caesar's War in Gaul
•      b. Civil War (Caesar against the senate)
•      c. Caesar becomes dictator, but he is murdered.
•      d. More Civil Wars 
•      e .Rome becomes a monarchy again.

2.8: from Republic to Empire.

• What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
• When? 1st century BC
• Who? Julius Caesar

Timeline:

• 100 BC: Caesar born in a patrician Roman family.
• 59 BC: elected consul (for 1 year)
• 58 BC: military commander of northern Italy (Roman part of Gaul)
• 58 - 51 BC: Gallic Wars: conquest of Gaul (France) 

Caesar as CONSUL: the highest office in the Republic

Caesar as a military commander.

Seeking glory, power and wealth

Gaul

Rome

Germania

GAUL 

(= Gallië, = France)

Caesar set out to conquer Gaul.

The Gauls lived in tribes

They united under 

the leadership of Vercingetorix

what is the most common error
people make about Julius Caesar?

Caesar in Gaul

When Caesar arrived in (the Roman part of) Gaul, he was given control of four legions, about 20,000 professional soldiers. 

Caesar decided to expand the Roman empire and started the Gallic Wars that would last from 58 BC until 51 BC. Gaul was populated by dozens of tribes, the largest of which numbered about 200,000 people. Within four years he managed to capture almost all of Gaul and moved the border from the Roman Empire to the Rhine. So he even conquered part of the Netherlands!

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.

In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.

The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.

The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.

With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.

Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.

 

Caesar, Vercingetorix and the battle of Alesia have been pictured in several Asterix albums.

2.8: from Republic to Empire.

• What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
• When? 1st century BC
• Who? Julius Caesar

• Structure of this lesson:
•      a. Caesar's War in Gaul
•      b. Civil War (Caesar against the senate)
•      c. Caesar becomes dictator, but he is murdered.
•      d. More Civil Wars 
•      e .Rome becomes a monarchy again.

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

What about? How the republic ended and Rome became a monarchy again.
When? 1st century BC
Who? Julius Caesar

Timeline:

100 BC: Caesar born in a patrician Roman family.
59 BC: elected consul (for 1 year)
58 BC: military commander of northern Italy (Roman part of Gaul)
58 - 51 BC: Gallic Wars: conquest of Gaul (France) 

• 51 BC: Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar
• 50 BC: the senate orders Caesar to return to Rome without his army.

NEXT TIME:

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

Timeline:

The Civil Wars (49 - 45 BC)

• 49 BC: Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Start of the Civil War between Caesar and consul Pompey.

NEXT TIME:

First Civil War (49-46 BC)

Julius Caesar

the senate (& consul Pompey)

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

Timeline:

The Civil Wars

49 BC: Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Start of the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey.

• 48 BC: Caesar defeats Pompey. Pompey flees to Egypt (and is killed by pharaoh Ptolemy XIII)
• 48 BC: Caesar arrives in Egypt. Puts Cleopatra (sister of Ptolemy XIII) on the throne.

dictator

Make a note in your notebook 

What was a "dictator" during the Roman republic?

A dictator:

• was an official function
• was appointed by the senate to deal with a crisis.
• had absolute power to end the crisis quickly.

• How to prevent a dictator from abusing his power  and threaten Rome (or the republic) itself?
• He had to resign once his task was done, or after six months.

Make a note in your notebook 

After Caesar had won the civil war he declared himself:

• Dictator for life.

• He now had the power of a king....

• without being called "king"

2.7: from Republic to Empire.

Timeline:

• 47 BC: birth of Cleopatra's son: Caesarion. (Caesar is said to be the father)
• 46 BC: Caesar returns to Rome as victor of the civil war. 
• 44 BC: he declares himself "dictator for life".
• 44 BC: Caesar is murdered (by a group of senators)

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.

In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.

The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.

The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.

With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.

Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.

 

The senators encircle Julius Caesar in a painting by 19th-century artist Carl Theodor von Piloty.

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.

In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.

The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.

The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.

With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.

Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.

 

The senators encircle Julius Caesar in a painting by 19th-century artist Carl Theodor von Piloty.

Second Civil War (32-30 BC)

Octavian Caesar

Mark Anthony & Cleopatra

Battle of Actium, 31 BC

Cleopatra's suicide,

followed by Mark Anthony's suicide

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.

In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.

The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.

The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.

With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.

Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.

 

the sole victor:

Octavian Caesar!

Under the name 

CAESAR AUGUSTUS, he will become the FIRST emperor of Rome.

The Republic is gone.

Rome is a monarchy again.

Some people in Rome were afraid of Caesar's power.

In 49 BC Caesar and his army set out for Rome, where he intended to be elected consul again.

The senate ordered Caesar to come without his army. Caesar refused. He crossed the Rubicon river (the border between Gaul and Italy) and entered Italy with his army.

The senate declared that Caesar was now an enemy of Rome. This marked the start of a civil war.

With his army Caesar defeated all his enemies (mostly senators) and chased them across the empire, even in Egypt. Here he fell in love with Cleopatra, sister of the pharaoh.

Back in Rome he was now the only ruler. He allowed the Senate to remain, but he did not want to share his power with the senators.

 

Every successor put the name "Caesar" before his own name.

Caesar's name turned into a title: KEIZER (EMPEROR)

Monarchy

Republic

hereditary

dictator

dynasty

2 consuls

king / emperor

senate

elections

Timeline

Chronology question. Put the events of julius Caesar's life in the correct order on the timeline.

46 BC

58 - 51 BC

49 BC

48  BC

45 BC

44 BC

Caesar becomes "dictator for life"

Caesar crosses 

the Rubicon

Caesar & Cleopatra

Caesar's war in Gaul

Caesar assassinated

Civil War 

Caesar vs Senate

Interesting facts about Julius Caesar and Augustus

• 
  
• Caesar was once kidnapped by pirates while still a young man. He joked with them that he would have them executed once he was free. They laughed, but Caesar had the last laugh when he later captured them and had them crucified.
• The month of July is named after Julius Caesar. Prior to this the month was called Quintilis, which means "the fifth month".
• The month of August is named after Augustus. Prior to this the month was called Sextilis, which means "the sixth month".
• Augustus rebuilt much of the city of Rome. He said on his deathbed that "I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble".

Painting depicting the pirates, after being crucified. 

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