Unit 0 - Life vision

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Unit 0 - Life vision

(in)definite articles (lidwoorden)

the - a - an - ø

Why did you complain after _______ tennis match?

1. a
2. the
3. an
4. ø

We use the article 'the' when:

we mention something specific or for the second time

it's clear what's being referred to or there's one of something

we mention the names of rivers, mountain ranges, deserts and seas

we mention the names of countries that are island groups or that contains words such as 'republic'

The ancient Romans built the Coliseum.

I saw a cool movie last night. The movie was about a group of friends.

The Himalayas are located in Nepal.

Her parents went to the Dominican Republic last summer.

Where did you have ______ dinner last night?

1. a
2. the
3. an
4. ø

We don't use an article (ø) for:

plural countable nouns + uncountable nouns in a general sense

most countries, towns and cities, lakes and mountains

meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)

I love ø cats. - I love spending ø time with them.

She was born in ø France.

It's considered unhealthy to skip ø breakfast.

Have you got ______ away game on Saturday?

1. a
2. the
3. an
4. ø

Your uncle's _______ musician, isn't he?

1. a
2. the
3. an
4. ø

We use a / an:

before singular countable nouns when we talk about something for the first time

to say what someone's job is

to mean 'per' or 'in each' 

I have an idea for our English assignment!

My uncle is a dentist.

You are allowed to drive 50 kilometres an hour on this road.

These apples cost 3 euros a kilo.

the difference between a/an

pay attention to the sound that comes after the article:

• a house
• a university (sounds like 'j')
• an apple 
• an hour (sounds like 'ou')

Quantifiers (hoeveelheidswoorden)

each, every, all, most, much, some, little, any, many, several, few, both , no 

My brother works ______ day except Sunday.

1. all
2. every
3. some
4. any

each / every

Both quantifiers are only used for singular countable nouns:

house - cat - school - hour - parent - phone etc.

The word each refers to individual things within a group of two or more. For example: 

There are five slices of pizza → each slice has their own topping.

Every refers to the collective whole, not just the individuals. For instance:

There are five slices of pizza  →  every slice has cheese on it.

How ______money does he make?

1. little
2. many
3. few
4. much

all, most, much, some, little, any, no

These quantifiers can be used for uncountable nouns:

water - rain - bread - chocolate - coffee - soda - food - hair etc.

The difference between much / many:

much coffee (uncountable)

many cups of coffee (countable)

The difference between little / few:

little coffee (uncountable)

few cups of coffee (countable)

I was so cold, so I put ______ of my hands in my pockets.

1. all
2. both
3. each
4. several

   all, most, many, some, several, few, both, any no

These quantifiers can be used for plural countable nouns

houses - cats - schools - hours - parents - phones etc

The difference between some / any:

She had some missed calls from her mom. (positive sentence)

Could I have/would you like some soup? (polite question / offer)

Did she have any missed calls from her mom? (question sentence)

No thank you, I don't want any soup. (negative sentence)

elke

alle

veel

weinig

sommigen

meerdere

meeste

beide

geen

each / every

all

much/many

little/few

some/any

several

most

both

no

Zero, first and second conditionals

Conditionals are used to refer to situations and their results

condition means: voorwaarde. Als dit gebeurt, dan .....

The zero conditional

to talk about situations and events that are always true

If I forget to set my alarm, I don't get up on time

The battery runs out when you don't charge a device

If clause	result clause
if + subject	subject
+ present simple	+ present simple

If + when can both be used (meaning doesn't change)

You can start with the if/when - clause but you can also change it around

When starting with the 'if' clause, don't forget to use a comma!

Plants die if you __________ them.
(not water)

The first conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about possible situations and events in the future, and their results

If I lose my new phone, I'll be really upset

Your laptop won't work unless you turn it on!

If clause	result clause
if + subject + present simple	subject + will / won't + infinitive without (to)

You can also use the word 'unless' which means 'except if'

If you don't put any sunscreen on today, you ______ sunburned. (get)

The second conditional

We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary situations and their results. It can refer to the present or future.

If we didn't have smartphones, we'd / would socialise more

I'd / would apologise to her if I were you

If clause	result clause
If + subject + past simple	subject + would(n't) + past simple

In a second conditional if-clause, we can use was or were for I / he / she / it 

If I lived nearer, I ____________ to school. (walk)

Comparison (vergelijking)

Comparatives and superlatives 

(de vergrotende en de overtreffende trap)

Comparatives (vergrotende trap)

We use comparative adjectives + than to compare two things / places / people etc.

I can run faster than my sister.

A burger is more expensive than a sandwich.

Chidi speaks Spanish less fluently than Italian.

for short adjectives (1 or 2 syllables) we add er 

for long adjectives (2, 3 or more syllables) we use more or less

We can use a bit, a little or slightly before a comparative to say that there is a small difference:

Our new sofa is slightly bigger than our old one. 

And a lot, much or far to say that there's a big difference:

It's also far more comfortable.

We can also double comparatives to emphasise that something is changing:

My suitcase felt heavier and heavier as I walked down the road.

Superlatives (overtreffende trap)

We use superlative adjectives + adverbs to say that something is more or less than all the others in a group. 

My brother can run the fastest in the family.

Soup is the least expensive thing on the menu.

Chidi speaks Italian the most fluently of everyone.

for short adjectives (1 or 2 syllables) we add (i)est

for long adjectives (2, 3 or more syllables) we use the most or the least

We can put by far before a superlative to make it stronger:

That was by far the most difficult exam this year.

We often use the superlative with the present perfect + ever + one of the:

That was one of the best meals I've ever eaten!

So what to do when there's 2 syllables?

For adjectives with 2 syllables endingin  –le/-er/-ow/-y

Gentle > gentler

Clever > cleverer

Shallow > shallower

Lucky > luckier

When a two-syllable adjective does NOT end in these letters, we use more / the most and less / the least

Exceptions (uitzonderingen)

good / well   > better > the best

bad / badly  > worse > the worst

(not) as.....as

We use this phrase to say that two things are the same (as ... as) or not the same (not as ... as)

You can get there just as cheaply as by plane.

The bus isn't as comfortable as the train.

We can use just as to emphasize similarity:

We are just as tired as we were before we went to sleep.

My team played _______ today than we did last week. We lost 13-1. (badly)

You walk ________ than me. I'm quite slow. (quickly)

Of all the machines, this is the one that works ______________. (efficiently)

They worked _____________ (net zo hard) as us.

How much did you enjoy this lesson?

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