Chapter 4: Social Inequalities

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Chapter 4: Social Inequality

Afbeelding:

Elyse Chia

https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-people-standing-in-a-tunnel-kyeJW1zRH0I

Social inequality

Social inequality

Last time I learned...

• I can describe different perspectives on the social contract

• I can explain what democracy is and how the Dutch electoral system works

• I can explain the functions of political parties and other political actors

• I can distinguish between different types of democracy

• I can explain the different challenges democracy faces

Learning goals

• I can explain in general terms what a welfare state is

• I can explain what culture is and the functions it performs within a society

• I can explain the relationship between social divides and stratification

• I can categorise welfare states according to the model of Esping-Andersen

4.1: The rise of civil society

Afbeelding:

Museums Victoria

https://unsplash.com/photos/man-standing-infront-of-mechanical-machine--7Xb4TmVTN8

The Dutch constitution gives citizens the right to have their basic needs ensured. Can you give an example of how the government ensures our needs?

The Dutch constitution gives citizens the right to have their basic needs ensured. Can you give an example of how the government ensures our needs?

Learning goals

• I can explain in general terms what a welfare state is

• I can explain why modernisation led to the creation of the Dutch welfare state

• I can explain what roles certain social divides played in the creation of the Dutch welfare state

Modernisation

• Agricultural -> industrial

• Countryside -> cities (urbanisation)

• Faith -> rationality (secularisation)

• Local market places -> globalised capitalist economic system

Can you think of cosequences of the modernisation?

Can you think of cosequences of the modernisation?

Social divide

When groups of people are

separated from each other

in terms of advantages or

disadvantages in society

Which social divides did you see in the video?

Which social divides did you see in the video?

The fight against social inequality

• Trade unions (worker's rights)

• The first wave of feminism (women's  rights)
  

• Abolitionists (abolition of slavery)

Socialism

A political ideological movement striving for equal rights and improvement of working and living conditions for the lowerclasses

What is the role of unions nowadays?

What is the role of unions nowadays?

Type of social society

• Night-watchmanstate 

• Welfare state

What examples were signs of the emergence of the welfare state?

What examples were signs of the emergence of the welfare state?

What are examples of our current welfare state?

What are examples of our current welfare state?

Basic philosophy

What Dutch political party would Rawls agree with most? And which one would he agree with the least? Why?

What Dutch political party would Rawls agree with most? And which one would he agree with the least? Why?

4.2: Society, imagined

Afbeelding:

Ryoji Iwata

https://unsplash.com/photos/peoples-walking-on-pedestrian-lane-X53e51WfjlE

How do you see different cultures around you?

How do you see different cultures around you?

Learning goals

• I can explain what culture is and the functions it performs within a society

• I can distinguish different cultures from one another, as well as point out similarities between cultures

• I can describe different types of cultures, and how culture, identity, and socialisation develop under the influence of processes of modernisation;

• I can describe the different ways in which society can accommodate the coexistence of different cultures within its borders;

• I can argue how new, foreign cultures should settle in society and interact with the dominant, native culture, and relate this to the position of their own culture within society.

Culture

The collective views, expressions, values and norms within a society

Culture

Culture

Socialisation

The process of transfer and acquisition of the culture of the group(s)and society that individuals belong to

Which people in your life taught you culture?

Which people in your life taught you culture?

Layers of culture

• Dominant culture: largest and most prominent 

• Subculture: smaller groups within the dominant culture with overlaps and differences

• Counterculture: values en customs in opposition to dominant culture

Football hooligans are an example of counterculture. Explain this.

Football hooligans are an example of counterculture. Explain this. 

Identity

An individual’s self-image, which they show to others and which they consider as defining and permanent for their own person. It is derived

from their knowledge of the

groups they do or don’t belong to

Identity

• Ascribed: outside a person's control

• Acquired: can be controlled

Ascribed identity

Acquired identity

National origin

Religion

Income

Gender

Socialisation

• Primary socialisation: Family and caregivers

• Secundary socialisation: school, workplace etc.

• Tertiary socialisation: impersonal socialisers

Can you give another example on the cycle of socialisation?

Can you give another example on the cycle of socialisation?

4.3: Stratification

afbeelding:

Jane Palash

https://unsplash.com/photos/photography-of-people-walking-near-street-during-daytime-A51dkNMRu9A

Compare the social inequality in India to The Netherlands. What are differences and similarities?

Compare the social inequality in India to The Netherlands. What are differences and similarities?

Learning goals

• I can explain the relationship between social divides and stratification;

•I can describe the Dutch pluriform society along the lines of different social divides;

• I can describe the functioning of the Dutch welfare state in terms of costs, goals and activities;

• I can explain how stratification has developed since the inception of the welfare state.

Social stratification

The way that society is divided into different levels based on factors such as wealth, income, education, and power

Social mobility

The ability to move from one social class to another

What is the difference between a closed society and an open society?

What is the difference between a closed society and an open society?

Discrimination

• Structural: unequal treatment is embedded in a culture

• Situational: in specific situation people are discriminated

Types of discrimination

Types of

discrimination

Pluriform society

A society that contains a diversity of different cultural, ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups, each with its own unique traditions and practices

Pluriform society

• Pillarization

• Individualisation

• Migration 

During the pillarization, The Netherlands was a closed society. Why?

During the pillarization, The Netherlands was a closed society. Why?

What doesn't fit with the process of individualisation?

What doesn't fit with the process of individualisation?

A

Family composition more diverse

B

More health care by the Catholic Church

C

The grow of public schools

D

Position of migrant groups

Migrants need to fully adapt to the new culture

1

Agree

2

Disagree

Migrants need to fully adapt to the new culture

Welfare state

Input

Programming

(Welfare state goals)

Output

Input

Programming

Output

Public health care

Caring

Taxes

National insurance

A system of social security

contributions that provides benefits to eligible individuals

and their families.

Give an example of national insurance

Give an example of national insurance

Changes in stratification

• Demographic changes

• Technological advancement

• ultural shifts

How does digitalisation affect the stratisfaction?

How does digitalisation affect the stratisfaction?

4.4: Towards a new kind of welfare state

Afbeelding:

Diego PH

https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-light-bulb-fIq0tET6llw

Cuts in the welfare state

Cuts in the 

welfare state 

Learning goals

• I can argue for and against  different perspectives on the justification of welfare states

• I can categorise welfare states according to the model of Esping-Andersen

• I can explain what the challenges are that are facing the Dutch welfare state and how the Dutch welfare state is responding to them 

The justice of the welfare state

• Veil of ignorance

• Night-watchman

• capabilities approach

How does this view differ from the other views?

How does this view differ from the other views?

Kinds of welfare states

What is the right order? Begin with the model where the government has the smallest roll

What is the right order?

Begin with the model where the government has the smallest roll

A

Social democratic - corporatist - liberal

B

Social democratic- liberal- corporatist

C

Liberal - corporatist- social democratic

D

Corporatist - social democratic - liberal

Changes 

• Demographic (age structure)

•  Social structure (family  composition)

• individualism

• automation and globalisation

How does individualism affect the welfare state?

How does individualism affect the welfare state?

Participation state

Citizens are also involved

in creating welfare services,

rather than only receiving them from the government.

Can you think of advantages and disadvantages from the welfare state?

Can you think of advantages and disadvantages from the welfare state?

What did you learn this chapter?

What did you learn this chapter?

What do you still think is difficult?

What do you still think is difficult?

Learning goals

• I can explain in general terms what a welfare state is

• I can explain what culture is and the functions it performs within a society

• I can explain the relationship between social divides and stratification

• I can categorise welfare states according to the model of Esping-Andersen

End of chapter 4: social inequalities