Exemplification in (academic) essays
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Lesson duration is: 15 minItems in this lesson
Slide 1 - Slide
Opening slide, instruction on the exercise will follow
Slide 2 - Slide
Instruction slide
It draws on findings from a survey of crowdworkers conducted in late 2015 on the Amazon Mechanical Turk and Crowdflower platforms on workers’ employment patterns, work histories, and financial security. Based on this information, it provides an analysis of crowdworkers’ economic dependence on the platform, including the share of workers who depend on crowdwork as their main source of income, as well as their working conditions, the problems they encounter while crowdworking and
their overall income security.
their overall income security.
Put the blue pins on the examples, the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 3 - Drag question
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Upwork (formerly oDesk) illustrates this kind of online platform.
Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs (such as software development)
that pay relatively high wages (compared to other gig jobs). Workers have considerable autonomy as to how they do their work, but Upwork
exerts considerable control over the terms of the employment relationship:
Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs (such as software development)
that pay relatively high wages (compared to other gig jobs). Workers have considerable autonomy as to how they do their work, but Upwork
exerts considerable control over the terms of the employment relationship:
they can abruptly change the terms of reimbursement to workers, and they
require workers to sign a noncircumvention clause that prohibits them for
twenty-four months from working with any client that identified the worker through the Upwork site.
twenty-four months from working with any client that identified the worker through the Upwork site.
Put the blue pins on the examples, the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 4 - Drag question
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Slide 5 - Slide
Arguments against gig work:
Category: employers control over the terms of the employment
What is the category?
... they can abruptly change the terms of reimbursement to workers, and they
require workers to sign a noncircumvention clause that prohibits them for
twenty-four months from working with any client that identified the worker through the Upwork site.
... they can abruptly change the terms of reimbursement to workers, and they
require workers to sign a noncircumvention clause that prohibits them for
twenty-four months from working with any client that identified the worker through the Upwork site.
Slide 6 - Open question
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Slide 7 - Slide
Arguments for gig work:
Category: benefits of gig work platforms for workers
What is the category?
Upwork (formerly oDesk) illustrates this kind of online platform.
Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs (such as software development)
that pay relatively high wages (compared to other gig jobs).
Workers have considerable autonomy as to how they do their work, ...
Upwork (formerly oDesk) illustrates this kind of online platform.
Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs (such as software development)
that pay relatively high wages (compared to other gig jobs).
Workers have considerable autonomy as to how they do their work, ...
Slide 8 - Open question
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“Gig economy” companies like Uber, which from the end of September loses its licence to operate in London,
connect workers to customers via online platforms.
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 9 - Drag question
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Will Shu, Deliveroo chief executive, has said he would like to do more for couriers. “I’m the first to admit there are some anxieties out there about this new way of working — in particular, whether certain benefits and protections, like sick pay or insurance, should be on offer,” he said earlier this year.
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 10 - Drag question
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Generally, crowdwork tasks are relatively simple (some can be a few seconds to a few minutes long) and hence are paid very little. Our survey of over 900 Mechanical Turk workers found the average hourly wage to be between $1 and $2 (Dunn 2016). The platform also makes certain tasks available only to workers who meet specific criteria (identified by categories such as “master status” and number of jobs completed). Many of these criteria, such as “master status,” are shrouded in secrecy, with no
stated benchmarks or information on how to attain them.
stated benchmarks or information on how to attain them.
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 11 - Drag question
Full category: Mechanical Turk worker categories
Apart from this employment-based insurance, the unemployed may be eligible for safety-net programs like food stamps and health insurance through Medicaid; and they can go to food banks and beg on the streets. Programs that in the past gave support to the poor, such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children and General Relief have been drastically scaled back since the 1980s.
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 12 - Drag question
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While crowd workers typically valued the flexibility of crowd work, there were complaints about many aspects of work organisation and working conditions. Particular sources of stress and grievance included difficulty in communicating with platform personnel, arbitrary terminations, perceptions that
platforms always take the side of clients against workers and
frequent changes to payment and other systems.
Interviews with crowd workers also revealed a range of
physical and psycho-social health hazards. Some of these were linked to
working long hours, including long and unpredictable waiting periods (for which they were not paid).
platforms always take the side of clients against workers and
frequent changes to payment and other systems.
Interviews with crowd workers also revealed a range of
physical and psycho-social health hazards. Some of these were linked to
working long hours, including long and unpredictable waiting periods (for which they were not paid).
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 13 - Drag question
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More vulnerable still are those hired without a place in an established workplace, a group that not only includes those running their own businesses, like musicians, jewellery makers, and caterers working out of their homes, but also many consultants, delivery workers, freelance researchers, writers, and editorial workers. Responsible for their own workplaces, working out of their bedrooms and neighbourhood Starbucks, they are denied the protection of OSHA or
other health and safety regulation. Not to mention such matters as
holiday pay, sick days, or disability or any other form of social insurance.
other health and safety regulation. Not to mention such matters as
holiday pay, sick days, or disability or any other form of social insurance.
Put the blue pins on the example(s), the green pin on the category that the examples belong to.
Slide 14 - Drag question
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Slide 15 - Slide
Most of the time examples follow set phrases, but they can also be hidden in the text.
