Y3V-T1-LSN5

• Biologie
• Voortgezet speciaal onderwijs
• Leerroute 3

 Anatomy & Homeostasis

Y3V-T1-LSN5

Nervous, Skeletal and Muscular system

Learning goals LSN4:

• I know what the respiratory and circulatory systems are and can explain their function.
• I can explain how these organ systems work together.
• I can identify various organs in each system and explain their functions.

Why is it important that the respiratory and circulatory systems work closely together?

1. To maintain constant blood sugar levels.
2. To ensure that oxygen reaches cells and carbon dioxide is removed efficiently.
3. To control the body’s movement and coordination.
4. To produce hormones needed for digestion.

When you inhale, oxygen enters your lungs. How does this oxygen reach the body’s cells?

1. It diffuses directly from the lungs into tissues.
2. It is pumped directly from the lungs to the muscles without passing through the heart.
3. It dissolves in the plasma and flows independently of blood cells.
4. It is absorbed by red blood cells in the lungs and carried through the bloodstream.

Thoracic inhalation:

air is sucked into the lungs

intercostal muscles contract

ribs pull the plearul membrane open

the plearul membrane pulls open the lungs

ribs move up

Thoracic exhalation:

air is pushed out of the lungs

intercostal muscles relax

ribs push the plearul membrane closed

the plearul membrane pushes the lungs closed

ribs move down

Learning Goals LSN5:

• I know what the nervous, skeletal & muscular systems are and can explain their function.
• I can explain how these organ systems work together.
• I can identify various organs in each system and explain their functions. 

Key words:

• Joints
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Bone marrow
• Muscular system 
• Antagonistic pairs
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Ligaments 

• Nervous system
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• CNS
• PNS
• Motor neurones
• Interneurons
• Sensory neurons 
• Skeletal system

Nervous System

Your nervous system is your bodies fast communication system:

Your CNS - Central nervous system 

Your PNS - Peripheral nervous system 

Signal

When your body observes stimuli from it's environment, the following cycle happens:

PNS - Your body receives a stimuli (senses)

CNS - Your brain/spinal cord coordinates a response.

PNS - Muscles / glands create a response

Name all senses

Signal

Neurons

Our body has 3 types of neurones:

sensory neurones - connects senses to the CNS

interneurones - the neurones within the CNS

motor neurones - connects the CNS to the effectors

How neuron's transmit impulses to each other or to muscles 

Chain of events

Stimulus          receptor          coordinator          effector           response   

Which number corresponds to a motor neuron?

1

2

3

4

Types of skeletons

Many organisms look completely different from each other and  have different types of skeletons:

endoskeleton

exoskeleton

hydroskeleton

The human endoskeleton

Our skeleton is an important part of our body, it consists of 206 bones. 

Bones are made out of hard bone and cartilage.

Hard bone (with calcium) makes it stronger

Cartilage makes it more flexible

When you get older your bones will have less cartilage and calcium

Functions of a skeleton?

Our skeleton has 4 very different but very important jobs to help us survive:

support

movement

protection

blood production

JOINTS

A joint is a place where two bones meet. This is also the place where your skeleton can move.

TYPES OF JOINTS

Fixed - no movement, skull

Ball and socket- movement in all directions, hip/shoulder

Hinge- movement in 1 direction, elbow/knee

Pivot- turning movement, radius+ulna/neck

Gliding- glide over each other, wrist/backbone

PART OF A JOINT

Ligaments: connect bone to bone

Tendon: connect bone to muscle

Synovial joint: ball and socket, hinge, pivot. Also have synovial fluid to oil the joint

MUSCLES

Muscles can work in antagonistic pairs, because muscles can only pull or relax. They need a partner (antagonist) to move the opposite way

Learning Goals LSN5:

• I know what the nervous, skeletal & muscular systems are and can explain their function.
• I can explain how these organ systems work together.
• I can identify various organs in each system and explain their functions. 

Homework

• Read the following pages in your textbook:p.110-115 135-142.
• Make the assignments LSN5 on classroom and hand them in before the lesson.
• Study the keywords (using Studygo) and check if you manage the learning goals (by repeating lessonup exercises)