Relative Clauses

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3-5

TODAYS TOPIC

Grammar practice for the TEST

Today's lesson

Aim: Grammar focus

- Using the relative clauses

- Defining/non-defining clauses

- Gerund vs Infinite

- Past simple vs the present perfect

- Adverb vs adjective

Relative clauses

DUS

who	people
which	animals and things
that	people, animals and things
whose	Possessions (of someone/something)
whom	if there is a preposition at the beginning of the clause

Relative clauses 

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Betrekkelijke bijzinnen

relative clauses

relative clauses are " betrekkelijke bijzinnen".

There are two different kinds of relative clauses:

• defining relative clause 
• non-defining relative clauses

Relative clauses

Defining relative clauses: you need them in the sentence for it to make sense. They give you essential information. NO COMMAS!!!

vb: Students who/that study hard usually get good grades. 

(without "who study hard" we don't know which students)

Non defining relative clauses: They give extra information, which isn’t absolutely necessary. We use COMMAS to separate them from the rest of the sentence. 

vb: My sister, who lives in Japan, is visiting us next week!

The village in .........I lived had really changed

1. that
2. which
3. whom
4. who

Is this sentence correct?
Nadal, whose uncle was a football player, won Wimbledon in 2010.

1. Correct
2. Incorrect

The man ... car was stolen was on the news

1. which
2. whose
3. that
4. who

She worked for a man ______ used to be an athlete.

We broke the computer ______ belonged to my father.

Gerund

The gerund is a form of a verb (stem + ing) which can be used as the subject or direct object. 

• Subject (onderwerp)
  

       Swimming is fun

•  Direct object (lijdend voorwerp)
  

      I enjoy going to the seaside

bonus tip:

After preposition always a gerund!

Infinitive

The infinitive is the base form of a verb with "to". It can be used to express purpose, intention or preference.

• Purpose:
  

She studies hard to pass the exam. (why does she study hard?)

• Intention:

They decided to travel in the summer.

• Preference:

I prefer to stay at home on the weekends.

Some verbs require a gerund and some will require an infinitive. 

Here are a few examples of verbs that need to be followed by an infinitive:

agree: I agreed to go to a party with my friend.

decide: The president decided not to participate in the discussions

deserve: Everyone deserves to be respected.

expect: I expect to know my exam grade by tomorrow.

hope: We were hoping to avoid traffic by leaving early.

Gerund	Infinitive
ww + ing	VERB (WITH "TO")
1. As a noun (subject/direct object) 2. Verbs expressing opinion: hate, like, love, enjoy (often/not anymore) 3. After these verbs : to start, to begin, to continue, to stop.* 4. After prepositions : after, before, while, at, from, etc.	1. - 2. After verbs expressing feelings/ thoughts: to hope, to want, to expect, to choose, to hesitate 3. After verbs like: to learn, to manage, to fail, to tend., 4. After verbs like : to agree, to promise, to demand, to forbid, to refuse

Gerund vs Infinitive

Mark should remember ... (take) the trash out.

Gerund vs Infinitive

We will only succeed if we keep .... (try) .

Gerund vs Infinitive

The whole class agrees it's difficult ... early.

1. to get up
2. getting up

Gerund vs Infinitive

He decided ............................... (study) biology.

1. to study
2. studying

CAE

- Internationally accepted certificate! (C1 level)

- Entry test: Wednesday June 4th. (Access to course)

- Two extra classes a week (NO homework/tasks)

- Course = free, Exam = 150... ;-;

that's it.