Samenvattingsles

• Aardrijkskunde
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Planning

Summary of §1, 2, 3, 4 of chapter 2

§1.1

• Key words
• Characteristics of a city
• Types of cities

Key words 1.1

Megacity: a city with more than 10 million inhabitants

Metropolis: an economic, cultural and political centre of a large part of the world

Capital city: Usually the place where the government of a country resides

Facilities: places that provide specific goods or services, eg. supermarkets, swimming pools etc.

Economic sectors:

Primary sector: mining and agrarian business

Secondary sector: industry

Tertiary sector: services

Four characteristics

1. A certain number of citizens, but it depends on the country 

Four characteristics

1. A certain number of citizens, but it depends on the country 
2. Densely built in comparison to the surroundings

Four characteristics

1. A certain number of citizens, but it depends on the country 
2. Densely built in comparison to the surroundings
3. A working population that works almost entirely in the secondary and tertiary sector

Primary sector

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector

Four characteristics

1. A certain number of citizens, but it depends on the country 
2. Densely built in comparison to the surroundings
3. A working population that works almost entirely in the secondary and tertiary sector
4. A large number of facilities for the area around the city

Four characteristics

1. A certain number of citizens, but it depends on the country 
2. Densely built in comparison to the surroundings
3. A working population that works almost entirely in the secondary and tertiary sector
4. A large number of facilities for the area around the city

Types of cities

1. Megacity - A city with more than 10.000.000 inhabitants

Types of cities

1. Megacity - A city with more than 10.000.000 inhabitants
2. Metropolis - economic, cultural and political centre of a large part of the world

Types of cities

1. Megacity - A city with more than 10.000.000 inhabitants
2. Metropolis - economic, cultural and political centre of a large part of the world
3. Capital city - Usually the place where the government of a country resides

§2.2

• Key words
• Location of cities
• Primate cities vs. Urban network
• Urbanization

Key words §2.2

Urbanisation - People moving from elsewhere to the city

Degree of urbanisation - The percentage of people in a country living in a city

Urbanisation rate - The growth of the degree of urbanisation

Settlement surplus - The positive difference between people moving to and leaving an area

Urban network - A group of cities that is heavily linked to each other within a country

Primate city - A city that is way bigger and more important than the second largest city in a country

Where are the biggest cities located?

Spread of the big cities

• Most big cities are in Asia
•  Relatively many big cities in other less developed regions
• A lot are on the coast
• Or other geographically good locations

Where are cities located?

Certain factors explain the location of many cities.

These factors are:

• Terrain
• Acces to natural resources
• Infrastructure
• Place within a country

Primate city

• One city that is way bigger than all other cities in a country
• more common in countries with lower income

Urban Network

• Network of closely connected cities
• More spread over a country
• Like the Randstad

Urbanization

Urbanization - People moving from elsewhere to the city

Degree of urbanization

Degree of urbanization - The percentage of people in a country living in a city

92,57%

(7,43%)

Urbanization rate

Urbanization rate - The growth of the degree of urbanization

92,57%

(7,43%)

0,3%

Urbanization rate

Urbanization rate - The growth of the degree of urbanization

Settlement surplus - The positive difference between people moving to and leaving an area

92,57%

(7,43%)

0,3%

§2.3, and §2.4

• Key words
• Western cities
• non-western cities

Key words §2.3

Suburbanisation - Movement of people from cities to the suburbs

Edge city - An area with a concentration of offices, shopping centres and facilities for recreation. Residential areas that sprouts near motorway intersections at the edges of large cities

Suburbs - Living area at the edge of a city

CBD (Central Business District) - Centre of a city housing all types of offices

Gentrification - Process of the renewal of deteriorated neighborhoods in high class residential areas. Also leading to the rise of the level of facilities in the neighborhood

Western cities

• American cities
• European cities

CBD

The CBD, or central business district, is where you find high rising buildings at the centre of the American city. This is where big businesses have their offices and where the stock markets like Wall Street are located.

Old residential areas

Old residential areas in American cities were largely abandonend by people with a higher income. This left the poorer people behind and led to a degradation in the quality of these neighbourhoods. This is where you find the ghetto's.

Edge city

Due to many people moving outside of the city as a result of suburbanisation the facilities followed. This in turn created cities at the edge of the city. which were largely independent from the main city.

suburb

The rich people moved out of the city centre and into more spacious suburbs. They would often still work in the CBD. These people working in the city but living outside a city are called commuters (forensen).

Malls

Outside the city massive megamalls sprung up. These enormous stores ran smaller stores inside the city out of business. This led to a further degradation of the city centre.

Middle-income areas

These are residential areas around the city which are inhabited by the people who cannot afford living in a suburb, but are rich enough not to live in the ghetto's.

Old industrial area

Cities used to be formed around large industrial areas. These places can still be found in many cities. Most of these industrial areas are no longer in use and are places where gentrification takes place. This is a process where places are made more popular and disirable by inhabitants.

Model of the American city

The American city

From the edge to the centre

• Suburb - Living area at the edge of a city
• Suburbanisation - Movement of people from cities to the suburbs
• Mostly by rich people

The American city

From the edge to the centre

• Suburb
• Megamall

The American city

From the edge to the centre

• Suburb
• Megamall
• Middle income area

The American city

From the edge to the centre

• Suburb
• Megamall
• Middle income area
• Lower income area
• Aka ghetto

The American city

From the edge to the centre

• Suburb
• Megamall
• Middle income area
• Lower income area
• CBD (Central Business District)
• Centre of a city housing all types of offices

CBD

The CBD, or central business district, is where you find high rising buildings at the centre of the American city. This is where big businesses have their offices and where the stock markets like Wall Street are located.

Old residential areas

Old residential areas in American cities were largely abandonend by people with a higher income. This left the poorer people behind and led to a degradation in the quality of these neighbourhoods. This is where you find the ghetto's.

Edge city

Due to many people moving outside of the city as a result of suburbanisation the facilities followed. This in turn created cities at the edge of the city. which were largely independent from the main city.

suburb

The rich people moved out of the city centre and into more spacious suburbs. They would often still work in the CBD. These people working in the city but living outside a city are called commuters (forensen).

Malls

Outside the city massive megamalls sprung up. These enormous stores ran smaller stores inside the city out of business. This led to a further degradation of the city centre.

Middle-income areas

These are residential areas around the city which are inhabited by the people who cannot afford living in a suburb, but are rich enough not to live in the ghetto's.

Old industrial area

Cities used to be formed around large industrial areas. These places can still be found in many cities. Most of these industrial areas are no longer in use and are places where gentrification takes place. This is a process where places are made more popular and disirable by inhabitants.

Model of the American city

The European city

Differences with the American City

• CBD is outside the city
• Historic inner city
• Inner city is inhabited by richer people -> gentrification

Gentrification

Gentrification - Process of the renewal of deteriorated neighborhoods in high class residential areas. Also leading to the rise of the level of facilities in the neighborhood

Voorbeeld: NDSM werf Amsterdam

• Oud industriegebied
• Goedkope plek voor creatievelingen
• Groeit in prijs en populariteit
• Creatievelingen moeten weg wegens prijs, maar 
• betere buur blijft over

The Non-Western city

Built up more chaotically

• Due to rapid growth
• lack of regulation
• massive size

Fast growth of cities

People go to the cities to find work. This leads to:

• Lots of traffic
• Many slums

The Non-Western city

Differences with a western city:

• One or more business centres. The CBD is becoming more and more like the business centre in rich countries, with high-rise buildings and shiny offices.
• Scattered industrial sites, sometimes close to the centre.
• Residential areas for the rich with villas behind high gates.
• Slums

Slums

Located where there is still space, often where richer people do not want to live for the following reasons:

• It is too dangerous (steep slopes, close to a railway line), 
• it stinks (near a factory or garbage dump) or 
• it is too far from the centre. 

On the outskirts of the city are the youngest slums, while the older ones have now been incorporated into the city, refurbished and more working-class neighbourhoods than slums.

New slums

• Often illegal
• Poor quality
• New migrants
• Few facilities

Old slums

• Often legal
• Improved over time
• People live there for a                                                                      longer time
• Relatively many facilities

Slums outside the city

• Still close to the city
• With an opportunity to grow your own food
• Leads to massive sprawl of cities

Informal sector

• Work that is mainly there to provide work for the people doing it
• Not strictly necessary  
• Often unregistered
• Sometimes illegal
• Very common in big cities

Start studying for the test

§1, 2, 3, 4 of chapter 2