Renaissance: Kings and Queens and Humanism

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 5

This lesson you need:

Pen + paper!

War of roses

1455 - 1485

Henry Tudor 

(Henry 7) 

& 

Elisabeth of York

Red rose of house Lancaster

White rose of house York

Tudor dynasty (1485-1603)

Another contestant to the throne Mary, Queen of Scots (great-granddaughter of Henry VII)

King Henry VIII + his wives

• Write down the names of the wives 
• While watching: write down what was special about the wife and how she died.
• We're going the watch the video twice.
• Catherine of Aragan, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Kathryn Howard, Katherine Parr

reformation

Act of supremacy

Arthur died. 

So Henry became king.

King Henry married his brother´s widow. 

They were married for .. years.

Catherine miscarried a lot of times. 

Only one daughter survived: Mary. 

Catherine couldn't get pregnant anymore. 

So Henry decided to marry Ann. 

dynasty

Henry VIII 

Married 6 times 

3 children

Was convinced he needed a male heir to secure prosperity for the kingdom. 

Even split from the church of England because of this. 

Married Catherine of Aragon (dead brother's - Arthur wife but marriage was never consummated so Pope annulled the marriage and therefore Henry could marry her). 

She only gave him a girl so he wanted to annul the marriage on the grounds that Catherine and Arthur had consummated their marriage. Pope refused. Henry angry. Split from the church and appointed himself head of the church of England. Wanted to remain catholic put protestant influences seeped through and the Church of England became a protestant church.

Henry died in 1547 and was succeeded by his son (9 years old) Edward VI

Next: a video about Mary & Elizabeth 

MAKE NOTES!

Next: a video about Mary & Elizabeth 

MAKE NOTES!

02:07

Mary: 

• Spain = ally
• short reign
• Catholic
• Bloody
• The first crowned female monarch of Britain

Elizabeth

• protestant
• Spain = enemy
• long reign
• Protestant
• The Virgin Queen

Burned portestants for Heresy (around 300 people)

She wasn't the only one though, Henry VIII also did it and Elizabeth I as well. She's most known for it because she prosecuted and killed the 'wrong' religious people --> protestants. 

Next: a video about Elizabeth I

MAKE NOTES!

Queen Elizabeth I

Arthur died. 

So Henry became king.

King Henry married his brother´s widow. 

They were married for .. years.

Catherine miscarried a lot of times. 

Only one daughter survived: Mary. 

Catherine couldn't get pregnant anymore. 

So Henry decided to marry Ann. 

dynasty

Henry VIII 

Married 6 times 

3 children

Was convinced he needed a male heir to secure prosperity for the kingdom. 

Even split from the church of England because of this. 

Married Catherine of Aragon (dead brother's - Arthur wife but marriage was never consummated so Pope annulled the marriage and therefore Henry could marry her). 

She only gave him a girl so he wanted to annul the marriage on the grounds that Catherine and Arthur had consummated their marriage. Pope refused. Henry angry. Split from the church and appointed himself head of the church of England. Wanted to remain catholic put protestant influences seeped through and the Church of England became a protestant church.

Henry died in 1547 and was succeeded by his son (9 years old) Edward VI

Names

A - King Henry VII

B - Queen Elizabeth I

C - Queen Mary I

D - King Henry VIII

E - King Edward VI

F - King James I

Why did it take so long for the Renaissance to arrive in England?

Read page 34

02:07

Mary

Elizabeth

bloody

Catholic

Protestant

Virgin Queen

First crowned Female monarch of Britain

Spain = ally

Spain = enemy

short reign

long reign

06:09

Queen Mary
What have you learned so far?

14:53

Mary was excecuted because:

1. Henry wanted to marry someone else.
2. She was accused of being a witch because she had 6 fingers.
3. She was intervening in politics.
4. She was cheating when playing cards.

King Edward VI

• crowned aged 9
• protestant
• died at the age of 15
• appointed his cousin Lady Jane Grey as his heir
• mother = Jane Seymour

heir (at law)

(Bloody) Mary I

• Catholic
• Tried to turn reformation around. Burned many Protestants at the stake.
• Married the Spanish King
• Died after 5 years on the throne.

Elizabeth I

• Imprisoned by her sister Mary I
• Armada = Evidence of God favouring Elizabeth 
• Protestant rule in England
• 44-year-reign  (1558-1603)
• Never married - The Virgin Queen
• She wasn't perfect (no religious tolerance, strict censorship, court culture)

The victory on the Armada was seen as proof that God favoured Elizabeth and therefore Protestantism in England. 
Defeat of the Armada boosted self-confidence and patriotism

Elizabeth reigned for 44 years.

The Virgin Queen - never married - she was married to England. Never married because she had to 'listen' to her husband if she were. She maybe saw how her father had treated his wives and never wished to be one. Although there were many rumours. She never married or had any illegitimate children. 

Stability lead to a cultural flourishing in the theatres but also numerous paintings and poems were created. Some important names are:  Nicholas Hilliard (painter), William Byrd (musician, Francis Bacon (philosopher), Marlowe, Spenser, Shakespeare. 

Elizabethan  period

Shakespeare

Golden Age

Colonies

Historically, the Commonwealth was an evolutionary outgrowth of the British Empire. The traditional British policy of allowing considerable self-government in its colonies led to the existence by the 19th century of several dependent states that were populated to a significant degree by Europeans accustomed to forms of parliamentary rule and that possessed large measures of sovereignty. 

Mary Queen of Scots

Another contestant for the throne, Mary Stuart, granddaughter of Elizabeth's aunt Margaret and James IV (King of Scotland).

Mary tried to seize the English throne with help from France.

Elizabeth, of course, didn't want Mary to claim the throne and Mary's unwise marital (married crown prince of France) and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England (she was a Roman catholic whilst Scotland and its nobles had turned protestant), where she was eventually beheaded as a Roman Catholic threat to the English throne.

Those Roman Catholics who considered Elizabeth illegitimate because they regarded Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn invalid even looked upon Mary as the lawful queen. 

James I of England

 =James VI of Scotland

• House of Stuart
• Witch-hunting
  

   (James's obsession)

• Gunpowder plot by Catholics

The victory on the Armada was seen as proof that God favoured Elizabeth and therefore Protestantism in England. 
Defeat of the Armada boosted self-confidence and patriotism

Elizabeth reigned for 44 years.

The Virgin Queen - never married - she was married to England. Never married because she had to 'listen' to her husband if she were. She maybe saw how her father had treated his wives and never wished to be one. Although there were many rumours. She never married or had any illegitimate children. 

Stability lead to a cultural flourishing in the theatres but also numerous paintings and poems were created. Some important names are:  Nicholas Hilliard (painter), William Byrd (musician, Francis Bacon (philosopher), Marlowe, Spenser, Shakespeare. 

King James I

Renaissance

• Renaissance = ‘rebirth’ 
• renewed interest in the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome
•  examples in art, literature and thought (humanism) 
• Theocentric (God) -> Anthropocentric (Mankind)
  
• Memento Mori -> Carpe Diem
•  Italy: 14th century
• England: 16th century

Renaissance

• Feeling of optimism
  

- Prospering economy (Queen Elizabeth I) 

- Growth of population

 - Progress in field of science

 - Growing literary 

Humanism

• School of philosophy / World-vision
• Optimistic, human-oriented and forward-looking view of life
• Individualistic
• ad fontes: to the sources

Humanists believed that it was possible to create an ideal society on earth. 

Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man

Consequences 

• Curiosity about the nature of the world (Copernicus)
• Exploration (Columbus - 1492)
• Cultural revival -> Art  (Da Vinci and Michelangelo)
• -> Literature (Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton)

Scientific experimentation
Copernicus proved that the earth revolved around the sun. Galileo Galilei discovered the telescope and much more

discovered America in 1492

Da Vinci and Michelangelo - drew upon the achievements of classical antiquity. Put your name to your work. 

England mainly in literature

the Reformation

Individualism, look back at the original source (bible), invention of printing press

> Question Organisation of the church

1517 - Martin Luther - 95 theses

But this was not the only reason why England broke free of the Roman church. It was as much political s it was cultural.