Lesson 11: Review lesson

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 1

Review lesson

-LessonUp ready

Evolution and skeletons

First, Worksheet Snails 

Lesson 2: Types of skeletons

Words that you have to know

Vertebrates

Arthropods

Moulting

Metamorphosis 

Bones 

What are bones made of?

• Collagen: Flexibility
  
• Calcium & Phosphorus: Hard
  

Bone = hard and solid

Cartilage = soft and rubbery 

Injuries

Simple fracture:

A clean break from 1 side to the other side 

Greenstick fracture:

A break only from 1 side (not the whole bone is broken)

Compound fracture:

More than 1 break

Open fracture: 

Broken bones comes through the skin

Bones you need to know:

1. Skull
   
2. Upper jaw (Maxilla)
   
3. Lower jaw (Mandible)
   
4. Vertebrae
5. Clavicle (collarbone) 
   
6. Scapula (shoulderblade)
   
7. Sternum
   
8. Ribs
   
9. Humerus
10. Radius
11. Ulna

1. Hand bones
2. Pelvis
   
3. Sacrum
   
4. Coccyx
   
5. Femur
   
6. Patella (kneecap)
   
7. Tibia
   
8. Fibula
   
9. Foot bones

The scientific method

• Start? Research question
• Guess about the awnser of this question -> Hypothesis
  
  

• Run experiments to test it!
  

Comparing skeletons

Homologous structures: 

Similar structures in different organisms

1. Diet

-What kind of food do they eat? 

-Omnivors (eat plants & meat)

-Herbivors (eat plants)

-Carnivors (eat meat)

-How do their teeth look like? 

Teeth

Canines (4 corner teeth)

Incisors (front teeth)

Molars (back teeth)

2. Movement

-Skeleton adapted for flying

-Light bones

-Fused bones

-How does it move around? 

-Long legs for running (Cheetah)

-Only 1 toe for hard surfaces (Horse)

3. Environment

Water animals: 

-Body shape in water

-Streamlined body 

- minimize resistance from water

-Short and wide limbs

4. Time

-Skeletons change over time

-how bones are shaped can tell us something about the past

Vestigial organs: 

Organs that an animal has but doesn't use 

Example:  Tail bone 

Example:
Pelvis/Femur in whale 

Vestigial organ with no function:

Fossils

-Fossils can form because parts of organisms are slowly replaced by minerals during the decay process 

-Fossils can form when parts of organisms have not been decayed

-Fossils can form by preserved traces of animals such as footprints

Natural selection

Individuals that are best at surviving in their environment will produce more offspring and their DNA will therefore be more common in the next generation

Natural selection in Steps

1. More individuals will be born  that can survive 'struggle for existence'
   
2. Individuals with an advantage have a higher chance of surviving
   
3. The individuals that survive will have a higher chance to produce offspring so they will pass on their traits to their offspring
   

Artificial selection

Not nature is selecting but humans

Humans select the individuals they like best and this is different because it might not be due to best survival 

HW for next time

-Finish the Goformatives

-Hand in a summary of the first 4 lessonUps on classroom

(mindmap, written text, digital)

What is different between artificial selection and natural selection

1. Nothing, its basically the same
2. Natural selection has to do with survival, artificial selection not always
3. artificial selection is dependent on nature alone, natural selection is not.
4. Natural selection is done by humans, artificial selection not

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Theory of Evolution by natural selection?

1. competition for food and space
2. variation among species
3. inheritance of acquired characteristics
4. survival and reproduction

The dog breeds we have today were developed through:

1. natural selection
2. artificial selection (selective breeding)
3. sexual selection
4. acquired selection

What types of skeleton mostly do metamorphosis?

1. exoskeleton
2. endoskeleton
3. liquid skeleton

What kind of skeleton does a snake have?

1. Endoskeleton
2. Exoskeleton
3. Hydrostatic skeleton
4. Just its skin

What kind of skeleton does this betta fish have?

1. Endoskeleton
2. Exoskeleton
3. Hydrostatic skeleton
4. Just its skin

Fixed joint

Gliding joint

Pivot joint

Ball and socket joint

Hinge joint

What is the function of a tendon?

1. Connects muscle to muscle
2. Connects bone to bone
3. Connects muscle to bone

Carnivore

Herbivore

Bumpy molars with ridges

Small incisors

Often no canines

Pointy molars

Big molars

Large canines

1. SKULL
2. MAXILLA
3. MANDIBLE

What is the 'soft bone' tissue called?

1. Cartilage
2. Calcium

1. SKULL
2. MAXILLA
3. MANDIBLE

1. STERNUM
2. RIBS
3. CLAVICLE
4. VERTEBRAE

1. HUMERUS
2. RADIUS
3. ULNA

1. PATELLA
2. FEMUR
3. FIBULA
4. TIBIA

1. VERTEBRAE
2. CLAVICLE
3. MANDIBLE
4. SKULL

1. MAXILLA
2. MANDIBLE
3. CLAVICLE
4. STERNUM

What type of skeleton do we have?

1. Exoskeleton
2. Endoskeleton
3. Liquid skeleton

What do bones mainly need to remain hard?

1. Calcium
2. Collagen
3. Water
4. Cartilage

What is the function of bone marrow?

1. Protection
2. Shape
3. Movement
4. Blood cell production

What are vertebrates?

1. Animals that live underwater
2. Animals that shed their skin once in a while
3. Animals that have a spinal column
4. Animals that have very long hair