1.3 Temples - Revision
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What MUST you remember to do when answering 8-markers?
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What MUST you remember to do when answering Section C1?
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What MUST you remember to do when writing 15-markers in Myth & Religion?
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Describe a typical Greek temple.
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Slide 5 - Open vraag
- On a plinth to raise above ground level
- Colonnade running around to provide support for temple roof
- Cella or naos: room housing god's cult statue
- Opisthodomos (treasury) at rear
- Decoration on pediments and/or friezes
Explain how the Parthenon differs from a typical Greek temple.
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- Parthenon: second row of columns supporting Ionic frieze in addition to Doric, to increase grandeur
Describe a typical Roman temple.
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Slide 7 - Open vraag
- Orientated east-to-west
- Placed on podium, so you could only enter from front
- Colonnade of semi-engaged columns (half protruding from wall) running around temple
- Cella, containing cult statue of god
Explain how the Pantheon differs from a typical Roman temple.
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Slide 8 - Open vraag
- Pantheon: rotunda (round building with dome) at rear of temple, capped with dome which has oculus at top
- Circular plan allows for several statues of gods in cella
Explain the role the Parthenon, Temple of Zeus and Pantheon played in the worship of their gods.
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Slide 9 - Open vraag
- Parthenon: Contained stories about Athena to honour her (birth of Athena, Athena vs Poseidon); chryselephantine statue of her
- Temple of Zeus: Contained stories about him (judging Oinomaos and Pelops' chariot racefor Hippodamia); contains twelve labours of Heracles; another chyselephantine statue
- Pantheon: design allowed several cult statues of gods to be celebrated simultaneously
Describe what happened in a Greek blood sacrifice.
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Slide 10 - Open vraag
- Preparation: must be clean and well to not pollute sacrifice, wear best clothes and garlands of leaves/twigs; gild animal's horns; procession with musicians to lead animal to sanctuary; fire lit; handful of grain taken and water poured onto head of animal, so it nodded and agreed to sacrifice; grain thrown into fire
- Remove hairs with knife, throwing them into fire; throat cut; blood poured over altar; women let out high-pitched scream
- Sharing: wrap thigh bones in fat and burned; entrails read for omens before being shared among participants; rest shared among wider community; animal skin given to sanctuary.
How did a Roman blood sacrifice differ?
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Slide 11 - Open vraag
- Preparation: led by pontifex or private citizen, priest would veil head with toga
- Mola salsa sprinkled on animal's head, then wine; popa stuns animal and cultrarius slits throat - must be killed in single blow
- Sharing: had hierarchy - gods, priests, sentate, elite citizens, etc.
Why was blood sacrifice important to the Greeks and Romans?
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Slide 12 - Open vraag
do ut des
Explain the following terms: hiereus, hiereia, mantis.
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Slide 13 - Open vraag
- hiereus and hiereia: Greek priest and priestess, overseeing correct ritual
- mantis: soothsayer who reads entrails or bird signs to predict future
Explain the following terms: pontifex, augur, haruspex.
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Slide 14 - Open vraag
pontifex: priest in charge of protecting temples, regulating religious law and overseeing religious calendar
augur: reads flight of birds to predict outcome of future events
haruspex: priest who read omens from entrails
Describe the selection criteria, responsibilities, rewards and punishments of the Vestal Virgins.
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Slide 15 - Open vraag
- Selection: ages 6-10, fit and healthy with two living parents, vow of chastity, from most prestigious families
- Responsibilities: protect sacred flame for safety of state (if it went out, Rome would fall); protect state documents like treaties and wills; made mola salsa
- Rewards: lived in house of the Vestals; front row seats at certain games; freed from father's authority and able to make a will
- Punishments: whipped if flame went out, buried alive if breaking chastity while male responsible was whipped to death
Explain the difference between a Greek and Roman priest in their respective societies.
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Slide 16 - Open vraag
- Greek priests: temporary role for one year, correct rituals, looking after temple, etc., everyone does it at some point
- Roman priests: wider range, more political appointment, ambition politicians did this to further careers
