Ch. 6 New ideas, new worlds vht2/at2/gt2

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H6 New ideas, New Worlds

1500 - 1600

Kenmerkende aspecten:

5a het begin van de Europese overzeese expansie

5b het veranderende mens- en wereldbeeld van de renaissance en het begin van een nieuwe

wetenschappelijke belangstelling 

5c de hernieuwde oriëntatie op het erfgoed van de klassieke oudheid 

Timeline:

Time of explorers and reformers

1500 AD - 1600 AD

Early Modern times

6.1 A new kind of art

Learning goals

- You can provide an explanation for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy.

- You can explain what the concept of 'Renaissance' says about how people from this time period judged the Middle Ages.

- You can mention important characteristics of art in the Renaissance.

Renaissance

• Period after the Middle Ages between 1450-1600.

• Originating in Italy and meaning: ''rebirth'' of Greek and Roman art and culture.
  

Why in Italy?

Rediscovery of knowledge from the Greek/Roman era

Through trade: more money and contacts with other cultures (Africa, Middle East, Asia)

Enjoying luxury goods

Why?

Wealthy Italians desire art (of themselves) (Medici family)

Artists consequently receive a lot of money

Art thereby becomes increasingly better

Fall of East-Roman Empire

1453: Ottomans conquer Constantinople

Scientists, with knowledge of the ancient Romans, flee to Venice.

This knowledge is the starting point of the Renaissance.

Middle Ages

Renaissance 

Inspired by the Antiquity

VS

Aspects of Renaissance-art

Themes: Greek/Roman myths/legends, as well as Biblical stories

Anatomy/Nude

Observation, then painting/sculpting

Aspects of Renaissance-art

New concept of humanity = placing humans at the center instead of faith. = You may enjoy life's pleasures!

Realistic

Lots of details

Perspective: (depicting depth)

Homework

Chapter: 6.1, part B

Exercises: 4 t/11

Pages: 110-111

6.2 A new mentality

Learning goals

- You know what the rediscovery of antiquity involved,

- You can you explain who humanists were,

- Why the ideas of humanists became a threat to the church, and

- What significant development natural science underwent.

Renaissance

Rebirth of classical art

Classical texts (Greek/Roman) are examined

Vanaf min 14:00 t/m 20:00

Ancient texts are not always reliable?

Original texts had been lost.

Writings that were copied for years contained mistakes.

Through (re)search => New texts were also rediscovered.

Humanists

"The human is different from animals, we have language and can think" = Education is necessary to verify if texts are correct.

Humanists

They believe that people in the Middle Ages misunderstood the texts from antiquity =>

 They come up with new ideas about society.

Erasmus 1466-1536Z

The Church feels threatened

People must adhere to strict Christian rules => Heresy

Texts against the ideas of the church are prohibited

Humanists: "People must form their own judgment, even about faith"

Printing press

Johannes Gutenberg:

1455: Invention of the printing press

Consequences:

- Knowledge/ideas are spread more quickly.

- People become more critical about the teachings of the church. = Mentality (way of thinking) changes.

Homework

Chapter: 6.2, part B

Exercises: 4 t/m 8 + 10 en 11

Pages: 116-117

6.3 The Voyages of discovery

Learning goals

- You can explain how long-distance trade in Europe looked like in the late Middle Ages and what changed in it.

- You can give some reasons why Europeans went on voyages of discovery.

- You can explain the economic consequences the voyages of discovery had for regions in Asia and America.

From land to sea

1453: Turks/Ottomans conquer Constantinople.

- Products came from Asia to Europe.

- Spices traded through many intermediaries => Goods became increasingly expensive.

You had to pay tolls.

The silk road

=> Europeans search for new opportunities (for trade)

Spices


Spices from the East:

- Cloves

- Bay leaf

- Nutmeg

- Mace

- Cinnamon

- Ginger

- Cayenne pepper

= Used to flavor food

Map from the Antiquity

Voyages of discovery

- In search of new territories and trade routes.

- Ships stayed close to the coast for supplies

    and easy navigation.

- Navigated by stars and the sun.

- Detailed maps did not exist yet and were drawn during the voyage.

- With the discovery of the compass, they knew

where the north was at all times, and the voyages of discovery could begin!

Voyages of discovery to East India

- In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, many voyages of discovery were made.

- Many countries tried to be the first to find the best sea routes!

- Trade in, among other things, spices was very valuable.

Vasco da gama*

- Portuguese

- First sea route to India (1498)

- The Portuguese were thus in control of the sea route between Europe and Asia for 100 years.

Hendrik de Zeevaarder*

(1394- 1460)

- Portuguese

- Discovers the West coast of Africa

Goal:

- Expelling Islam

- Taking over trade in African products.

Columbus*

- Spaniard

- Sailing to India on behalf of the king

- Went the opposite direction of his predecessors

- Discovered America, but thought he was in India.

Trading posts and colonies

Economic consequences of voyages of discovery:

1. Establishment of trading posts on the African coast for purchasing goods

2. Colonies: Large areas where Spaniards were in charge, they built plantations (pieces of land where crops were cultivated on a large scale)

3. To ensure sufficient labor, African people were enslaved and brought to South America => Slave trade

Fort Elmina Ghana

Consequences

Politico-administrative:

Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, England gained a lot of power in the world'.

Cultural:

Missionaries accompany to spread the Christian faith

Homework

Section: 6.3, part B

Exercises: 4 t/m 8 + 10 t/m 13

pages: 124-125