Prelude To The Dutch Revolt

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Prelude to the Dutch Revolt

• How were the Netherlands governed before the Dutch revolt?
• Why did the Dutch people revolt?
• How did the Dutch revolt begin?

Calvin

Luther

95 statements

You may revolt

Monk

French

Which branch of protestantism became dominant in the Netherlands?

1. Calvinism
2. Lutheranism
3. Anglican
4. Ana-Baptism

What is an indulgence?

The Netherlands

• Netherlands wasn't one country 
• 17 'gewesten' - independent provinces
• They sent representatives to the 'States General'
• If the lord wasn't there there'd be a governor

Charles V

1500-1558

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (non-hereditary title)

King of Spain (hereditary title)

Lord of the Netherlands

Door de Spaanse veroveringen in Zuid-Amerika wordt hij heerser over een rijk waar de zon nooit ondergaat.

Lord of the Netherlands

• He was the lord in every 'gewest' 
• Liked the Netherlands - was here often

Philip II

• Anti-protestant
  
• Appointed stadtholders (=representative of the lord in a gewest).
  
•  Raised taxes
• Wanted centralised government - wanted to get rid of the vassals and rule everything himself

Governor of The Netherlands

Margaret of Parma

William of Orange

Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland

Inquisition

• =Organisation that executed thousands of protestants for their belief
• Was called 'Bloedraad' by many people

Unrest in society

(1566)

• The Dutch nobles didn't like how Philip governed the country
• They went to Margaret to beg them to change the harsh ruling - 'compromise of nobles' (smeekschrift der edelen)
• 200 nobles had signed it
• Margaret temporarily accepted it

Escalation 

1566

• The freedom leads to the Iconoclastic Outbreak (beeldenstorm)
• The protestants entered Catholic Churches and destroyed statues and paintings
• 
  

Philip responds

• Philip sends his best general, Alva, with 10.000 soldiers
• Alva becomes governor instead of Margaret
  
• Some nobles flee the country - like William of Orange

2.3 Prelude to the Dutch Revolt

How were the Netherlands governed before the Dutch revolt?

Why did the Dutch people revolt?

How did the Dutch revolt begin?

Stadtholder

Governor

Lord of the Low Countries

Gewest

Charles V

William of Orange

Margarethof Parma

Independent province

1c. In the 16th century, the States-General was a meeting of representatives from the 17 Dutch provinces

1. true
2. false

2c. Another word for the States General is:

1. government
2. parliament
3. council
4. president

3a. What do you notice about the spread of protestantism in the Netherlands?

4a. Philip II tried to centralise the Low Countries

1. true
2. false

4b. This took away power from the Dutch nobles

1. true
2. false

4c What term fits this statement?

"the king makes the rules that all 17 provinces must obey"

make sure you understand what centralisation means. If you don't, then ask...!

1. centralisation
2. de-centralisation

4d What term fits this statement?

"the king allows the 17 provinces to make their own rules"

make sure you understand what centralisation means. If you don't, then ask...!

1. centralisation
2. de-centralisation

5. What actions did Philip take to make the Low Countries Catholic again?

5. What actions did Philip take to make the Low Countries Catholic again?

6a. Study the graph.
Which three years had the most
prosecutions?

6b. Study the graph.
Which three years had the most executions?

6c. Study the graph.
Was the Inquisition
succeeding in Flanders?
Explain your answer.

7. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the Dutch nobles to hand a Petition to Margaret?

1. to stop the inquisition
2. to lower the taxes
3. to reduce the policy of centralisation
4. to end the power of the nobles

7. Copy this overview into your notebook and fill in the empty boxes.

left: an engraving of the iconoclasts at work, made in the 1580's. 

right: the same picture, with letters A-I for the next question:

10. Connect the numbers 1-8 to 

the letters A-K

men breaking open a tomb, presumably containing the relics of a saint

1

men destroying an altar

2

people leaving with loot

3

men taking the altar cloth

4

are dressed as soldiers; they don’t seem to be trying to stop the iconoclasts.

5

men breaking stained glass windows

6

men with weapons - probably iconoclasts

7

men using a rope to pull down a statue

8

11. Was the prosecution of protestants by the Inquisition
the only reason for the Iconoclasm?
Explain your answer.

12b. Did a Catholic or a Protestant create this source?
Explain how you know and what opinion he or she is
trying to put across.

Below two statements:
1. The governor ruled the Low Countries from Madrid.
2. There where 17 gewesten in the Low Countries.

1. 1 & 2 are true
2. 1 & 2 are false
3. 1= true; 2=false
4. 1= false; 2= true

Name one cause to the Dutch Revolt

Geuzen

• =Rebels/pirates fighting the Spanish from the sea.

Den Briel

Heiligerlee

Brussels

Dillenburg kasteel

Engeland

First city taken by Dutch rebels

Base for the watergeuzen (pirates)

Place of the first battle in the 80-years war.

Base for William of Orange

Capital of the habsburg Netherlands

1572- Expansion of the rebellion

• Several cities join the revolt.

1572- Den Briel

• First city captured by Dutch rebels.

1572-1574 Important sieges

Haarlem                      Alkmaar                  Leiden

1572-1574 End of the sieges

Haarlem                      Alkmaar                  Leiden

1570's: Spanish army starts to plunder and murder 

Unie van Utrecht

• 1579: Treaty signed against the Spanish army by several gewesten. 

Plakkaat van Verlatinghe

• 1581: 7 gewesten reject Philip II as their ruler and declare independence. 

Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden

The Republic 1588

• De Republiek der zeven verenigde Nederlanden.
• Decided to continue without a king or queen: Republic
• Ruled by the Stadtholders and States General

2. Read the first verse of the National Anthem
of the Netherlands.
In which sentence do you see the divine right
of the king?

3. Why was money so important for William if he
wanted to fight against Alva?

1. without money William could not get the support of the Dutch cities
2. without money nobody felt that William was important enough to fight for
3. without money Philip II did not take William seriously
4. without money his mercenaries would not fight for him

4a. The Dutch cities rose up with William against Alva immediately

1. true
2. false

4b. The Watergeuzen were Protestants
that had fled the Council of Troubles

1. true
2. false

4c. A fisherman told the Geuzen that Den Briel was not well defended by the Spaniards

1. true
2. false

6a. Why was it impossible for the Spanish
to maintain the siege of Leiden?

6b. How would farmers have felt when their land was flooded?

7. What was the Union of Utrecht?

1. The agreement of the southern provinces to support each other in the war against Spain
2. The agreement of the northern provinces to support each other in the war against Spain
3. The agreement of all the 17 provinces to support each other in the war against Spain
4. The agreement of the southern provinces to support each other in the war against the northern provinces

8a. What part of the text shows that the northern provinces did not want to become a republic in the early 1580s?

8b. Why do you think the northern provinces were
unsuccessful in their search for a new ruler?