Annual Refresher - Presentation.pptx
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MODULE 1
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HOUSEKEEPING
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• Sign in
• Health & Safety
• Facilities
• Mobile phones
MODULE 1
Module 1 – Introduction
Module 2 – Responsibilities
Module 3 – Primary survey
Module 4 – Secondary assessment
Module 5 – Resuscitation
Module 6 – Wounds and bleeding
Module 7 – Seizures
course SYLLABUS
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MODULE 1
MODULE 2
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MODULE 2
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• Arriving at the scene
• Dealing with casualties
• Prioritising the first aid treatment
• Clearing up process and infection control
• Casualty communication
• Contacting the emergency services
Responsibilities of the First Aider
CONSENT
• A responsive adult must agree to receive first aid treatment
• ‘Expressed consent’ means that the casualty gives their permission to receive care
and treatment. To obtain consent, first identify yourself, tell them about your level of
training and qualification and ask if it’s ok to help them
• ‘Implied consent’ means that permission to perform first aid care on an unresponsive
casualty is assumed. This is based on the idea that a reasonable person would give
their permission to receive lifesaving treatment if they were able to
MODULE 2
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MODULE 2
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• Be honest about their condition
• Allow your casualty to explain how they are
feeling. It could help you make a diagnosis
enabling you to offer the right treatment
• In respect of their injury, avoid medical
terms that they may not understand
• Maintain eye contact when talking to them,
and be aware of your body language
CASUALTY COMMUNICATION
MODULE 2
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Contacting the emergency services
L
I
O
N
E
L
Location
Incident
Other services
Number of casualties
Extent of injuries
Location - repeat
When ringing
999 or 112 …
Remember
LIONEL
If you are able to, activate
the speaker function on your
phone to aid communication
between you and the
emergency services.
Only dial 999 or 112 if it is
necessary and consider
other services such as
Police and Fire, dependent
on the incident.
Arriving at the scene
Safety and protection
Hazards
Assess the situation
Prioritise
Environment
S
H
A
P
E
MODULE 2
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MODULE 3
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MODULE 3
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PRIMARY SURVEY
Dangers
Response
Airway
Breathing
CPR for a non-breathing casualty
D
R
A
B
C
MODULE 3
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CHECK FOR DANGERS
D
R
A
B
C
The area must be safe before you offer your casualty any treatment.
Safe for you primarily, not forgetting any bystanders
and of course your casualty.
Failing to do this could result in you having more casualties to deal with, which could include yourself!
MODULE 3
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D
R
A
B
C
A
V
P
U
Alert
Voice – “Are you alright?”
Place your hands on their
shoulders and gently shake them
Unresponsive
Check for A response
MODULE 3
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If you are on your own, you should shout for help. Ideally, you should never leave your casualty on their own. A bystander can be
of a great benefit to you.
D
R
A
B
C
Shout for help
MODULE 3
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Open the airway by supporting your casualty’s forehead with one hand and tilting it back by placing 2 fingers under their chin and gently lifting it.
Support the head in this position in order to perform
a breathing check.
D
R
A
B
C
Open the airway
MODULE 3
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Check for normal breathing
Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
Agonal gasping is best described as infrequent, noisy gasps.
This is not normal breathing
and they should be treated as
a non-breathing casualty.
D
R
A
B
C
MODULE 3
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CPR
If your casualty is not breathing normally, then you must summon an ambulance immediately and commence CPR without delay.
If your casualty is breathing normally, then move on to your secondary assessment.
D
R
A
B
C
MODULE 3
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YOUR BYSTANDER
Your bystander can be of a great help to you by:
• Fetching the first aid kit and defibrillator
• Consoling relatives and friends
• Helping you if they are trained to do so
• Calling for an ambulance and managing crowds and hazards
MODULE 4
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MODULE 4
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Casualty assessment
A diagnosis
MODULE 4
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TOP-TO-TOE SURVEY
• Head, face and neck
• Chest and shoulders
• Arms
• Spine
• Abdomen
• Pelvis (visual only)
• Legs and extremities
MODULE 4
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TOP-TO-TOE
SURVEY
MODULE 4
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TOP-TO-TOE SURVEY
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Firstly, remove the casualty’s glasses, if they are present. Kneel beside the casualty and make sure that both their legs are straight.
If your casualty has sustained physical trauma, then the injuries should be treated accordingly and the casualty left in the position found. However, if you believe their airway is at risk, then the recovery position should be used.
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Place the arm nearest to you out
at a right angle to their body, elbow bent with the hand palm-up.
Do not force the arm, let it fall naturally, but close to this position.
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Bring the far arm across the chest and hold the back of the hand against their cheek nearest to you.
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Grab hold of the far leg with your other hand and raise the knee so that their foot is kept to the floor.
This will be your lever for rolling them over.
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Keeping their hand pressed against their cheek, pull on
the far leg to roll them towards you onto their side with their head supported all the way.
MODULE 4
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Recovery position
Adjust the upper leg so that both the hip and knee are bent at right angles.
Keep the airway open
and check their breathing
regularly.
MODULE 4
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Casualty in the Recovery position
Call for an ambulance if you haven’t done so. Keep talking to them, keep them warm and continue to monitor their breathing.
Pregnant women:
Always put an unresponsive pregnant woman in the recovery position on her left side. This prevents compression of the inferior vena cava (vein) by the uterus, which could be fatal for both the mother and the child.
If they have to be kept in the
recovery position for more than
30 minutes, turn them to the opposite
side to relieve the pressure on the
lower arm.
MODULE 5
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MODULE 5
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RESUSCITATION
As soon as you have established that your casualty is not breathing normally, you must call for an ambulance immediately before you commence CPR.
If you are able to, activate the speaker function on your phone
to aid communication between you and the emergency services.
If you have help, then send them to make the call and commence CPR without delay.
MODULE 5
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PRINCIPLES OF RESUSCITATION
• Start with chest compressions
Push at a depth of at least 5cms but no more than 6cms and at a speed of 100–120 compressions per minute.
• The heel of one hand must be placed in the
centre of the chest – the bottom half of the
sternum or breastbone
• Place your other hand on top and clasp them
together with your arms locked straight
MODULE 5
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PRINCIPLES OF RESUSCITATION
• After 30 chest compressions, give your casualty
2 rescue breaths
• The recognised methods for this action are either
by mouth to mouth or mouth to nose
• Do not interrupt compressions by more than
10 seconds to deliver two breaths
MODULE 5
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PRINCIPLES OF RESUSCITATION
• Repeat the process of 30 chest compressions
followed by 2 rescue breaths
• If you are unable or unwilling to give 2 breaths for
whatever reason, you must continue with chest
compressions continuously, without delay
• If you have access to an AED, turn it on and attach
the electrode pads. Follow the voice prompts
MODULE 5
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RESUSCITATION PROTOCOL
Check for dangers
Check for a response
Open the airway
Check for normal breathing
for no more than 10 seconds
Ring for an ambulance
Give 30 chest compressions
Open the airway
Give 2 breaths
Repeat 30 : 2
Depth of at least 5cms but no more than 6cms at speed of 100 - 120 compressions per minute
Make this call yourself if you have no help
Do not interrupt compressions by more than 10 seconds to administer both breaths
Continue until medical help takes over, you become too exhausted, or your casualty recovers
MODULE 5
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The chain of survival
Early recognition
and call for help
Early CPR
Early defibrillation
Post-resuscitation care
MODULE 6
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Types of wounds
INCISION
Clean cut as with a knife blade
Laceration
Rough tear as with barbed wire
Abrasion
Scrape as with a gravel rash
MODULE 6
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Types of wounds
Contusion
A blunt blow causing bruising
Puncture
A stabbing type wound
VELOCITY
Gunshot wound
MODULE 6
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MODULE 6
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Types of BLEEDING
• Bright red oxygenated blood
Arterial
• Spurts from the wound in time with the heartbeat
• Dark red blood will gush from the wound or pool
at the site of the wound
Venous
• Oozing occurs at the site
Capillary
MODULE 6
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Preventing cross infection
• Dispose of all soiled dressings, including gloves, in an appropriately
marked (orange/yellow) plastic bag
• Dispose of sharp items, including syringes and needles, in a purpose
made sharps bin and dispose of it appropriately
• Wash your hands and wear disposable gloves
• Avoid coughing and sneezing over the wound, and avoid touching it
MODULE 6
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TREATMENT of BLEEDING
• Put on disposable gloves. Expose and examine the wound
• Apply direct pressure with your fingers or palm, preferably
over a sterile dressing or non-fluffy clean pad
• Elevate and support the injured part (for wounds that are
not catastrophic)
• Help the casualty to lie down and raise the legs if you
suspect shock
• Secure the dressing with a bandage large enough to
cover the wound
• If blood seeps through this dressing, remove both
the dressing and bandage and apply pressure to
the bleed with a new dressing
• Support the injured limb with a sling or bandaging
if appropriate, providing the casualty allows you to
do so
• Apply another bandage once the bleeding is
under control
• Monitor their response levels and call for an
ambulance
MODULE 6
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Causes of HYPOVOLAEMIC shock
There are a number of reasons why a casualty can go into shock.
Blood loss, failure of the heart, poor circulation, a fall in blood pressure and the lack of oxygen.
Other conditions can include, excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, injury to the spinal cord, infection and burns.
MODULE 6
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recognition of HYPOVOLAEMIC shock
• Ashen coloured skin (grey/blue)
• Clammy and cold skin to touch
• Feeling of sickness and thirst
• Breathing will be rapid and shallow
• Rapid, weak pulse
MODULE 6
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Treatment for hypovolaemic shock
• Deal with the injury or condition
• Make them comfortable and lay them down
• Raise and support their legs
• Keep them warm and talk to them
• Call for an ambulance and monitor their response levels
• Do not allow them to smoke, eat or drink
MODULE 7
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MODULE 7
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SEIZURES
There are many different types of seizure. What happens to someone during a seizure depends on which part of the brain is affected.
• Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of seizure most people recognise.
Someone having a tonic-clonic seizure goes stiff, loses responsiveness,
falls to the floor and begins to jerk and convulse
• Focal seizures can also be called partial seizures. Someone having a
focal seizure may not be aware of their surroundings or what they are
doing. They may have unusual movements and behaviour such as
plucking at their clothes, smacking their lips, swallowing repeatedly
or wandering around
MODULE 7
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
• When someone has epilepsy, it means they have a tendency to have epileptic
seizures. Epilepsy is usually only diagnosed if someone has had more than one
seizure and doctors think it is likely they could have more
• Possible causes of epilepsy include stroke, a brain infection such as meningitis,
severe head injury or trauma and problems during birth which caused the baby
to get less oxygen. But in over half of all people with epilepsy, doctors don’t know
what caused it
• A seizure happens when there is a sudden burst of intense electrical activity
in the brain. This causes a temporary disruption to the way the brain normally
works
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MODULE 7
Treatment : tonic-clonic seizure
Dial 999 or 112
• Protect them from injury
• Look for an epilepsy identity card
If
or
or
or
or
You know it’s their first seizure
Seizure lasts for longer than 5 minutes
The seizures are repeated
They are injured during the seizure
They need urgent medical attention
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• Time how long the jerking lasts
• When the jerking has stopped, place
them in the recovery position
• Stay with them until they recover
MODULE 7
Treatment : FOCAL seizure
Dial 999 or 112
• Protect them from injury
• Guide them away from danger such
as roads or open water
If
or
or
or
or
You know it’s their first seizure
Seizure lasts for longer than 5 minutes
The seizures are repeated
They are injured during the seizure
They need urgent medical attention
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• Stay with them until recovery is complete
• Be calm and reassuring
• Explain anything that they have missed
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• Any questions?
• Course evaluation
• Please check your names on the register in respect of
clarity for certification purposes. The name that is shown
will be printed on your certificate
• Have a safe journey home!
COURSE closure
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from Nuco Training Ltd.
This presentation is supplied subject to the condition that it shall not, by any way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, copied or otherwise circulated without the prior consent of Nuco Training Ltd.
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