Understanding Exchange Rates & Currency Systems
Understanding Exchange Rates & Currency Systems
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Understanding Exchange Rates & Currency Systems
What do you already know about foreign exchange rates and how currencies are traded?
Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson you will be able to explain key foreign exchange concepts, define gold convertibility, and compare freely floating and managed floating exchange rates.
What is Foreign Exchange (FX)?
Foreign exchange is the global market for trading national currencies. It determines the value of one currency relative to another.
Why Are Exchange Rates Important?
Exchange rates affect import/export prices, investment returns, and the overall stability of national economies.
How Are Exchange Rates Set?
Rates can be set by market forces (supply/demand) or regulated by central banks and governments.
Direct vs Indirect Quotation
Direct Quotation
Indirect Quotation
Price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency (e.g., RUB/USD = 76).
Price of the home currency in terms of the foreign currency (e.g., USD/RUB = 0.013).
Gold Convertibility
Gold convertibility means a currency can be exchanged for a specific amount of gold. This was the basis of the Gold Standard.
End of the Gold Standard
Most world currencies are no longer backed by gold. The gold standard ended mainly in the 1970s.
Types of Exchange Rate Regimes
Market forces set rates, but central banks intervene to stabilise their currency if needed.
Currency values set by market forces. Government does not intervene regularly.
Managed Floating
Freely Floating
Advantages of Floating Exchange Rates
Greater flexibility, automatic correction of balance of payments difficulties, and monetary policy independence.
Why Might Central Banks Intervene?
To reduce volatility, support economic objectives, prevent excessive inflation, or defend currency stability.
Case Study: The Russian Rouble
Russia shifted to a floating exchange rate in 2014. Since then, the rouble has seen increased volatility and central bank interventions.
Summary & Reflection
Summarise what you’ve learnt today about foreign exchange, exchange rates, and currency systems. How might this knowledge help a future financier like you?
Write down 3 things you learned in this lesson.
Write down 2 things you want to know more about.
Ask 1 question about something you haven't quite understood yet.
