CH4 sec. 4.6 Emancipation and liberation

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Memo havo 2 TTO

CH4 The age of citizens and steam engines

The Industrial Revolution

sec. 4.6 Emancipation and liberation

Learning objectives

Main question: Which groups in the 19th century stood up for their rights, such as freedom and equal treatment?

• You can explain what the ideals of the feminists were and how what they achieved.
  
• You can explain what the aim was of abolitionism. 
  
• You can explain what the ideals of the confessionalists were and how they committed themselves to these ideals. 
  
• You can explain what changed in the administration in 1917.
• You can explain how the Netherlands became a pillarized society.
• You  know the terms and dates of this section.
  

Emancipation

What is emancipation?

Granting equal rights to people who are treated unequal.

Four movements:

• socialism (workers)
• abolitionism (slaves)
• feminism (women)
• confessionalism (Protestants and Roman

Catholics)

Emancipation

1848 Introduction limited suffrage

•  Only men (although not specified in constitution)
• Specific income level  (bourgeosie)

1887 Expansion limited suffrage

• Officially restricted to men only.
  
• Adjustments suffrage criteria. Extending men’s right to vote. 1888 26% > 1897 50%

.

Feminism

In the 19th century most women worked, because they were poor. Rich women didn't work. Girls only attended primary school. Should become wives and mothers.

Women weren't equal to men. They were disadvantaged.

• Had to obey their husband, father or brother (subordinate).
• Couldn't own property or act independently of their
  

husbands ('handelingsonbekwaam'). 

• Received lower wages than men (same work).
  
• Weren't allowed to vote. According to Protestants and
  

Roman Catholics men should decide about government.

Feminism

1870  Feminism = Movement which defends rights and status of women.

Feminists wanted equal rights for women.

• Same pay for men and women
• Chance to continue their education
• Women's suffrage (right to vote and the right to get voted for)

1870-1920 First feminist wave

Campaign for emancipation was mainly aimed at achieving women’s right to vote.

Feminism

Wilhelmina Drucker and Aletta Jacobs

1889 Vrije Vrouwen Vereniging (VVV)

1894 Vereniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht (VVK)

Organised meetings and demonstrations.

Abolitionism

Abolitionism = Movement to end slavery.

1863 Dutch parliament decided to end slavery in Surinam and the Dutch West Indies.

33,000 slaves in Surinam and 12,000 slaves in the Dutch West Indies were released from slavery, but obliged to work ten more years on plantations.

The school struggle

1848 new constitution contained freedom of education.

Liberals were in government. Thought that education should be provided in non-religious state schools funded by the government. 

Roman Catholics and Protestants started faith schools. These schools weren’t funded by the government. 

The school struggle

School struggle = Political fight in the 19th century about the 

financial equality for confessional and state education.

Liberals and socialists wanted education to be neutral. No 

funding for faith schools. 

Argument: education about faith is a task of the  Church, 

not the government.

Roman Catholics and Protestants wanted funding for faith 

schools too. 

Argument: Christians pay taxes as well.

The school struggle

Liberals and socialists wanted separation of political and religious affairs. 

Confessionals (Roman Catholics and Protestants) thought 

faith and politics have a lot to do with each other. 

Organized themselves  by setting up political parties and 

working together. 

Confessionalism = movement that thinks that the 

administration of a country should be based on religious 

convictions.

The school struggle

1878 First Dutch political party founded. 

Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP).

• Protestant
  
• Abraham Kuyper

1888 Algemene Bond van R.K. Kiesverenigingen

• Roman Catholic
  
• Herman Schaepman

Universal suffrage

Pacification of 1917

End of school struggle and struggle for universal suffrage. 

Exchange between confessionalists and liberals & socialists. 

• Funding faith schools (confessionalists)
  
• Universal suffrage (liberals and socialists) 
  

Universal suffrage

1917 Universal suffrage for men

All men received:

• Active suffrage (right to vote)
  
• Passive suffrage (right to be elected)
  

All women received:

• Passive suffrage (right to be elected)
  

1919 Universal suffrage for men and women

Women received active suffrage as well.

Pillarization (verzuiling) = Segregation of society into groups with their own political or religious beliefs (Protestant, Roman Catholic, socialist, liberal); each pillar has its own political party, newspaper and societies. 

Get to work

What? See whiteboard.

How? Alone 

Help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. Ask teacher.