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Revision chapter 5

Congress of Vienna

Europe after 1815

* France to powerfull

* Congress of Vienna

* 3 dicisions

1. Reversed democratic reforms

* Restauration

* Europe turned back to the politico-administrative situation from before the French Revolution

* Kings

2. Surrounding France with powerful countries

* The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg merged together

* Prussia strengthened

3. Monarchs agreed to help each other in combating revolutionary ideas.

Nationalism

Nationalism

* Feeling more and more as if they belonged to a people or a nation

* Own language, culture and history

Love for your own people

Political consequences

* Every nation own state

* Rebellions and wars

* Italy and Germany arose

Militairy consequences

* Wanted to be the strongest

* Militarism

* War

* In favour of the army, weapons and military discipline

Nationalism in the Kingdom of the Netherlands 

* North -> Protestants and spoke Dutch

* South -> Catholic and spoke French

* Unity-> One language and increase Protestats influence

Result

* Belgian Nation

* Rebellion against William I

* Own state and king

* 1831 war

* 1839 Won -> Help France

Modern Imperialism

Modern Imperialism

* 19th century

* Competition who can conquer the most areas in Asia and Africa

4 Causes of modern imperialism

1. Economically advantageous

* Needed raw materials

* Markets -> sell their products

2. Increasingly easy to conquer and govern colonies

* Better weapons

* Distance less of a problem -> connections faster and more reliable

3. An empire gave prestige and power

* People thought that an 'important' nation deserved a large overseas territory

4. Feeling of superiority

* Europeans felt they were better 

* The right to rule other nations

Administration of the Dutch East Indies

Administration of the Dutch East Indies

* Too few Dutch administrators

* Indirect rule

- Governor-general-> assisted by Dutch officials

- Local princes -> Controlled by the Dutch

Divide and rule policy

* Favoured some native princes

* Prevent princes from joining forces

* Prevent revolts

Cultivation system

Cultivation system

* Profitable -> Exploitation

* 20% land must grow coffee, tobacco or sugar

Results cultivation system

* Profit

* Starving

* Unhappy businessmen  -> no companies in the Dutch East Indies

Free labour

* 1870 cultivation system abolished

* Businessmen could start their own buisness

* Local wage labourers -> buy European products

Changes after 1900

* Well-being of the population

* Hospitals and infrastructure

* Civilize -> schools

* Ethical politics

The scramble for Africa

The scramble for Africa

* Asia already colonized

* Belgium, Germany and Italy emerged -> Wanted empires

* Competition to get the most colonies in Africa

* 1880 till 1914

Take over territory

* Agreements with African rulers

* Unclear borders

* Tension

Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference

* Germany organized

* European countries

* Divide Africa

* Rule: area could only be claimed -> occupied by an army

Consequences dividing Africa

1. 1914 almost all of Africa was ruled by Europeans

2. Borders were illogical for Africans

3. The African economy became subordinate to the European economy.

 - Raw materials

- Market for European products

4. African culture replaced by Western ideas

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