Ecological behaviours

Ecological behaviours

Ecology: the study of the interaction of living things with each other and with their environment.


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Slide 1: Tekstslide
BiologieMiddelbare schoolvwoLeerjaar 4

In deze les zitten 27 slides, met tekstslides en 7 videos.

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Ecological behaviours

Ecology: the study of the interaction of living things with each other and with their environment.


Slide 1 - Tekstslide

Today
- Explanation Ecological Behavior
- Work on assignments (Biozones/ Glencoe)
- Review research question Behavioral research

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

Learning Objectives
- Describe different types of competitive behaviors and give examples of each.
- Identify types of communication, nurturing, and cooperative behaviors.
- Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success.

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

Agonistic Behaviour


• Threatening or combative behaviour that usually does not result in serious injury or death.

• It ends when one individual gives up.

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 5 - Tekstslide

Dominance hierarchies 
• Some animals that live in groups have a dominance hierarchy.
The top ranked individual gets access to the resources without conflict.
• It reduces hostile behaviour in the group. 

For example in: baboons, wolves, chickens

Slide 6 - Tekstslide

Slide 7 - Video

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

Territorial behaviour 
• A territory is a specific area that contains resources like food, mates etc.
• A territorial animal will defend the territory against others.
• Includes verbal signals – singing of birds, chattering of squirrels, yowling of cats and chemical signals e.g. 
boundaries marked with urine by big cats.

Slide 9 - Tekstslide

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 10 - Tekstslide

Foraging behaviours
• Finding and eating food.
• Avoid predators and harmful food.
• It is a trade-off between the quality of the food and the cost of finding, pursuing and eating it.
• The most successful strategy is to get the maximum amount of energy while expending the least amount of energy to obtain it.

Slide 11 - Tekstslide

Migratory behaviours                                                     
• Some animals – Birds, grazers like zebras and wildebeest, fish like shad and also some insects like the monarch butterfly move long distances seasonally to new locations increasing their chance of survival. I.e. better food /climate.
• May be vulnerable to predators along the way.
• Migrations can cover thousands of km, for example: swallows can travel 8000 km to SA in about 10 days.

Slide 12 - Tekstslide

Slide 13 - Video

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 14 - Tekstslide

Biological rhythms
• Many animals repeat behaviours in a rhythmic cycle.
• There are daily /circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles or yearly cycles.
• Influenced by environmental factors e.g. temperature, food availability, daylength.
• Many animals have an internal clock / biological clock that maintains the sleep wake cycle of about 24 hours.
• Humans have a cycle length of about 24 hrs and 11 mins + 16 mins. Kept isolated and without a way of telling the time, the cycle gradually shifts.

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

Slide 16 - Video

Communication behaviours
Pheromones
• Highly specific chemicals – Specific to the species and thus undetectable by predators.
• Travel less far than auditory or visual cues
• Often relays messages between males and females of a species.
• Can be used as an alarm response during an attack.
            Auditory communication
• Animals can sing, howl, growl, hoot, bark, whistle, chirp etc. etc.
• Used to transmit information about …. Food, mates, territories, danger etc. etc.
• Making a noise warns /alerts others about their presence.
• Language is a form of auditory communication in which animals use vocal organs to produce sounds that have a shared meaning.

Slide 17 - Tekstslide

Courting and nurturing behaviours

• Courting happens in order to attract a mate. 
Video of a Peacock spider

• Nurturing happens when parents provide care to their offspring.
Videos of Crocodile and African Bullfrog

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

Slide 19 - Video

Slide 20 - Video

Slide 21 - Video

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of these behaviors in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 22 - Tekstslide

Cooperative behaviours
• Can exist in members of the same species.
• It can benefit all the members of the group.
• Or individuals may sacrifice themselves for the benefit of the group.
• Called altruistic behaviour.
For example in naked mole rats.

Slide 23 - Tekstslide

Slide 24 - Video

Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success?

Slide 25 - Tekstslide

Learning Objectives
- Describe different types of competitive behaviors and give examples of each.
- Identify types of communication, nurturing, and cooperative behaviors.
- Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of behavior in terms of survival and reproductive success.

Slide 26 - Tekstslide

Work to be done
- Biozones 168 (Animal communication) and 325 (Social Organization) and 173 (Cooperation and survival. 
- Assessment Questions Glencoe pg 928: Q 17-39

Slide 27 - Tekstslide