RECAPPING Chapter 5

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 1

RECAPPING Chapter 5

5.1 Stimuli and responses

Senses in the human

Sense (zintuig) = "meetapparatuur"/ receptor om de omgeving mee waar te nemen.   All senses = sensory system

How does the nervous system work?

Sensory cells (receptor) receive stimulus from
                               outside (for example chocolate)

   sensory neurons                                                                                                                                      = impulses     interneurons ( spinal cord)   

             brain    

    interneurons ( spinal cord)             

    motor neurons            muscles (effector)

Sensory receptors in your ear receive the sound and change it into nerve impulses.

The nerve impulses travel along neurons to your brain:

You become aware of your phone ringing.

The brain sends its own nerve impulses along other neurons to your arm muscle.

Your arm muscle contract and you pick up the phone = response.

5.1 Stimuli and responses

Stimulus

stimulans, gedragsprikkel Any external or internal change that causes a reaction.

response

reactie, respons The reaction to a stimulus.

sensory receptors

zintuigcellen Specialised cells that convert stimuli into electrical signals that your body can respond to.

5.2 The senses

stimuli and responses

stimulus

sensory receptor

neurons

effectors

response

stimuli plural

stimulus

How does the nervous system work?

1. A stimulus comes from the enviroment
2. Sensory receptors convert the stimulus
3. The nerve impulse goes to the brain
4. The neurons conduct the impulses
5. In the brain you become aware
6. The brain sends impulses to an effector
7. The effectors create a response

pathway

stimulus = external or internal change

sensory receptors = convert stimuli into electrical signals

neurons = bring these signals to your brain (impulses)

effectors = are told how to react by your brain (via impulses through neurons)  that's your response

senses

vision - light rays

hearing - sound waves

smell - chemicals

taste - chemicals

feeling - pressure, pain, touch and  temperature

5.2 The senses

sense organs 
Organs such as your eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.

senses Abilities 

given by sense organs, such as vision, hearing, smell, taste and feeling.

5.3 Seeing

iris

retina

sclera

cornea

pupil

optic nerve

lens

retina

blind spot/optic nerve

Glasses

accomodating or eyeball length 

Far sighted (Verziend): Short eyeball, only clear vision of distant objects.

Short-sighted (Bijziend): Long eyeball, only clear vision of nearby objects. 

iris - iris Ring-shaped coloured part of your eye surrounding the pupil.

pupil - pupil Opening in the iris.
cornea - hoornvlies A transparent layer in the front of your eye that covers the iris and the pupil.
lens - lens Part of the eye behind the pupil that helps to focus light rays into a clear, sharp image.
retina - netvlies A thin layer of light-sensitive cells in the back of your eye.
cones - kegeltjes Light-sensitive cells in the retina that allow you to see colours in bright light.

cones - kegeltjes Light-sensitive cells in the retina that allow you to see colours in bright light.

rods - staafjes Light-sensitive cells in the retina that allow you to see grey or black-and-white images in dim light.

fovea -  gevoeligste deel van het netvlies The most sensitive part of the retina, right across from the lens, which contains many cones.
optic nerve - oogzenuw The nerve of the eye that transmits nerve impulses to the brain.
blind spot - blinde vlek The spot where the optic nerve enters the eye; it does not contain light-sensitive cells.
sclera - (harde) oogvlies The white, outer covering of the eye.
vitreous body - glasachtig lichaam Jelly-like fluid inside the eye which helps give the eye its shape.
ciliary muscle - kringspier (in het oog) Muscles that control the shape of the lens.
short-sighted - bijziend, kortzichtig Objects close by are seen more clearly than objects far away.
long-sighted - verziend Distant objects are clearer than objects close by.

5.3 Seeing

5.4 Hearing

auricle = pinna

Inwendig oor

Steps to hearing sounds

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sound is picked up by the auricle

air in the auditory canal vibrates

The eardrum vibrates

Hammer and anvil vibrate

the stirrup vibrates

fluid in the cochlea vibrates

sensory cells are being stimulated

impulses are made

the auditory nerve brings impulses to the brain

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The ears

Eustachian tube

Eustachian tube connects to your nasal cavity/throat

Pronounce: (yoo·stay·kee·uhn·choob)

SENSE

SENSE ORGAN

STIMULUS

SENSORY 

RECEPTOR

nerve cells

Hearing

Sound waves

Ear

Convert stimuli into nerve impulses

Transport nerve impulses 

Form a connection between the senses and the brain

outer ear -  buitenoor The outermost part of the ear: from the pinna to the eardrum.

middle ear - middenoor Middle part of the ear: from the eardrum to the stirrup.
inner ear - binnenoor Innermost part of the ear: from the stirrup to the auditory nerve.
pinna -  oorschelp Funnel-shaped part of the outer ear made of skin and cartilage.

ear canal  -  gehoorgang Tube inside the ear that directs sound from the pinna to the eardrum.

eardrum - trommelvlies The membrane of the middle ear, which vibrates in response to sound waves.

hammer - hamer (botje in het oor) Tiny bone in the middle ear that picks up the vibration from the eardrum.

anvil - aambeeld (botje in het oor) Tiny bone in the middle ear that picks up the vibration from the hammer.

stirrup - stijgbeugel (botje in het oor) Tiny bone in the middle ear that picks up the vibration from the anvil and sends it ot the cochlea.

cochlea - slakkenhuis (deel van het oor) Shell-shaped hollow tube of the inner ear where sensory receptors convert vibrations into nerve impulses.
auditory nerve - gehoorzenuw The nerve of the ear that transmits nerve impulses to the brain.
Eustachian tube 
buis van Eustachius Tube that connects the middle ear to the throat.
semicircular canals - halfronde buisjes (in het oor) Part of the inner ear that detects the direction of movement and acceleration and helps to maintain your balance.

5.4 Hearing

5.5 Smell

Olfactory cells

Mucus

Dust and germs get trapped

Cilia (little hairs) move it up your nose an throat

5.5 Smell

nasal cavity 

neusholte Hollow area inside your nose and part of your skull.

olfactory cells 
reukcellen (in je neus) Sensory receptors high up in the nasal cavity that can detect many different odours.

5.6 Taste

The Tongue:

Tongue is covered with taste buds.

Chemicals in your food and drink dissolve, this is is how your taste buds detect the taste.

tongue

   taste bud

mucus gland       nerve cells

taste bud

sensory cell      

nerve cells

5.6 Taste

taste buds 
smaakpapillen Specialised sensory receptors covering your tongue.

umami 

de vijfde basissmaak (naast zoet, zuur, zout en bitter) An essential chemical that all living things need to survive; it is found in meat, seafood, tofu, tomatoes and aged cheese.