Learning U1 2HVTTO

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Unit 1 what to learn?

Basic 1 until 6 

Tips

• The coloured words in the book are important! Make sure you always learn what they are and mean! You can use Quizlet to help you learn them.
• Assignments help you practice for the test, always do them en also correct them!
  
• Practice with: lessonups, Quizlet, BVJ online or Biologiepagina.nl

B1 Metabolism

• You can write down the reaction formula of photosynthesis.
• You can explain why glucose contains lots of energy
• You can recognize mitochondria en explain their function.

Photosynthesis

• Energy sun -> glucose 
• Water + carbon dioxide -> Oxygen and glucose  
• Symbols? 
• Metabolism example

Metabolism 

• Conversion of substances in a cell into other substances 
• Glucose is formed during photosynthesis
•  During metabolism glucose is converted into different products 

The pathway of glucose

• The breakdown of for instead glucose or other substances is decomposition. 
• glucose is broken down in the mitochondria 
•  breakdown of glucose in the body --> body respiration

B2 Respiration and combustion

• You know that a combustion needs fuel and oxygen.
• You know that a combustion releases energy and waste products.
• You can list/recognize examples of combustion.
• You know the difference between combustion and respiration.
• You can explain why organisms need respiration.
• You can explain why organisms need to breathe oxygen
• You can write down the reaction formula of respiration.

1.2 - Respiration and combustion

Text

Combustion (= verbranding)

Specific form of combustion in our cells = cellular respiration

Cellular respiration: Glucose is broken down to energy and water

Cellular respiration

Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbondioxide + energy

B3 The respiratory system

• You can name, recognize and explain the functions of the parts shown in fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 
• You can write down the route air takes when you in- and exhale.
• You can list 5 reasons why breathing through your nose is more healthy.
• You can describe how the uvula and epiglottis move during normal breathing and swallowing.
• You can explain how the windpipe and bronchi are built

What happens if you choke?

Check out the picture for all the parts!

The walls of the nasal cavity are covered with the nasal lining, which has mucus-producing cells (cells that produce mucus, slijm).

--> This is also called the mucous membrane.

The mucus moistens the air that you inhale. 

Under the nasal lining are a lot of small blood vessels that keep the nasal lining warm. This also warms up the inhaled air. 

B4 Breathing

• You can explain how the composition of air changes inside the alveoli.
• You can explain how the composition of blood changes when it passes the alveoli.
• You can explain how and when oxygen and carbon dioxide are added to the blood and when/why they leave the blood.
• You can list the differences between chest- and abdominal breathing
• For both ways of breathing, you can explain step by step how they make air enter or leave the lungs.

The walls of the lung capillaries and alveoli are extremely thin (1 cell layer).

The surface area (het oppervlakte)  of the alveoli is really big. This means gas exchange can happen at many places. 

Because of the thin walls and the big surface area, gas exchange can happen very fast!

(there are about 300-500 million alveoli's in your lungs)

Gas exchange 

1) Oxygen comes from the air we inhale into the alveoli -> Oxygen goes from alveoli through the wall into the blood of the lung capillary -> blood brings Oxygen to all the cells in the body. 

2) Blood brings Carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs -> Carbon dioxide goes from blood through the walls into the alveoli -> We breath out the Carbon dioxide.

Chest breathing

Abdominal breathing

B5 Healthy airways

• You can explain how smoking or smog can damage lungs.
• You can explain why these lungs have more difficulty working correctly.
• You can list reasons why ventilation is important.
• You can explain what a hay fever is, and what symptoms people suffer. 

 What is inside a sigaret?

- Carbon monoxide (binding to blood cells instead of oxygen)

- Tar (coughing, sticky layer inside alveoli)

- Nicotine (addicted) 

Smog

Dust

How to keep your lungs healthy?

- Exercise/sports

- Fresh air

- No smoking!

Asthma

Notes

1.  chronic lung disease - will NOT go away

2. muscles of the bronchioles contract - airways become small and difficult to breath

3. Symptom: shortness of breath

COPD

Notes:

1. Chronic inflammation (ontsteking) of the airways

2. Usually caused by smoking

3. Smoke causes mucous lining (slijmvlies) to swell up and produce more mucous

4. Bronchioles and alveoli are also blocked - severe case

Healthy

Smoking

Hay fever

Notes:

1. Caused by pollen (stuifmeel) from flowers

2. Pollen sticks to mucous lining

3. Symptoms: burning and itchy nose, throat, eyes

Allergy

Notes

• Allergy: hypersensitive to a particular substance
• Allergic reaction: a reaction to something that you breath or eat
• Examples: dust, animal hairs, makeup, or food

B6 Breathing in animals 

• You can describe how gas exchange occurs in various different groups of animals.

What is an Amoeba?

• Single cell organism (Greek amoibe, means changing)
  
• Can alter it's shape
• Eats bacteria
  
• Lives as parasite in animals or in water 

Amoeba

• Where is the respiratory surface (RS)?
  Cell membrane
• How is the RS kept moist?
  They live in water 
• Where does the organism get its oxygen from? 
  From the water
• How does oxygen go from RS to cells? 
  Via diffusion into and out of the cytoplasm over the cell membrane
• How is the surface of the RS increased? 
  Folds of the cell membrane

Fish

• Where is the respiratory surface (RS)?
  Gills
• How is the RS kept moist?
  They live in water 
• Where does the organism get its oxygen from? 
  From the water
• How does oxygen go from RS to cells? 
  Gas exchange between the water and blood in the gills
• How is the surface of the RS increased?
   Gill arches and fine lamelles

Insect

• Where is the respiratory surface (RS)?
  Spiracles (small holes in their abdomen)
• How is the RS kept moist?
  Not always moist
• Where does the organism get its oxygen from? 
  Air
• How does oxygen go from RS to cells? 
  By diffusion sometimes pumping air
• How is the surface of the RS increased? 
  Many tubes within tubes