5.1 Genotype and phenotype

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

5. It runs in the family

Heredity and evolution

Match the correct description with the correct term

chromosome

gene

allel

a thread-like structure of DNA that contains hereditary information.

A part of a chromosome that contains hereditary information for one trait.

a different version or form of a gene

What is the correct order? From small to big.

1. cell - chromosome - DNA - gene
2. gene - chromosome - DNA - cell
3. gens - chromosome -cell - DNA
4. gene - DNA - chromosome - cell

Lets do a little inventory

1. What traits do you have? Fill in the form
2. Write your answers on the board
3.  DONE? read 5.1

What do you think of when you hear the title: 'It runs in the family'?

Which characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next?

5.1 Pass it on!

How did you inherit characteristics from your parents?

Why do some inherited characteristics not show?

What are chromosomes?

Why do siblings look similar to their parents and each other?

AIM = 

5.1.1 You can describe what the genotype and phenotype are.

5.1.2 You can explain that cells only use the hereditary information that they need.

5. It runs in the family

On inheritance, family trees, genetics and DNA

WHAT

read 5.1

havo team: make+ check: 1-9

vwo team: make + check 1-10

HOW

individuallly

in silence

NEED HELP

1. look back at the text
2. raise your hand

get to work - IN SILENCE

WHAT

read 5.2

havo team: make+ check: 1-9

vwo team: make + check 1-10

HOW

individuallly

in silence

NEED HELP

1. look back at the text
2. raise your hand

get to work - IN SILENCE

Body cells, chromosomes, DNA

BODY CELL = a cell that is part of your body

• nucleus contains 46 chromosomes
• from your parents: half from your mother, half from your father

created by:
cell division from a single, fertilized ovum (egg cell). 

• each cell division: chromosomes are copied 
• and daughtger cell gets a complete set of chromosomes

Chromosomes, DNA and genes

CHROMOSOME = a long, thin thread in the cell nucleus

• made up of DNA
  

DNA = substance that contains information for hereditary characteristics

DNA and genes

DNA contains information about thousands of characteristics.

GENE = 

a pieces of DNA that contain the information for one characteristic.

• proteins are responsible for our characteristics

                                                        Each body cell contains all the 
                                                   genes but not all genes are active

Genotype

Cell

Cell nucleus

Chromosomes 

DNA

Genes

                                            Genotype

Genotype en fenotype

Genotype

(Is altijd hetzelfde)

Genotype

• is always the same
• all the genes taken together
• are you born with

contains the information for all your hereditary characteristics. 

Genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism

• complete set of information

Phenotype

All traits that are actually there. 

Visible

• hair colour, 
• tattoos, 
• length, 
• if you actually have 2 eye or 1 or 0, 
• muscles

Invisible

• blood pressure, 
• how much you sweat, 
• how fast you digest alcohol.

Phenotype = genotype + the environment 

Pink from food

Flamingos get their pink color from carotenoid pigments in their diet, primarily from eating brine shrimp, algae, cyanobacteria, and crustaceans, which contain these red/orange/yellow compounds. Their bodies metabolize these pigments, depositing them into feathers, skin, and beaks, turning them pink or reddish; chicks are born gray and gain color as they eat. 

To inherit = to receive a characteristic from an ancestor by genetic transmission. 

• Genotype = the information for an organism’s complete hereditary characteristics
• Phenotype = visible and invisible physical characteristics of an organism

           Phenotype = genotype + environmental factors. 

Environmental change can also have an effect on the phenotype of us humans. Describe an example when your body would change under changing conditions

Phenotype = genotype + environmental influences

The phenotype changes…

…but the genotype doesn’t.

Chromosomes

Inside the cell nucleus are structures called chromosomes

They are DNA strands and contain all of your inherited characteristics

Normal body cell: 46 chromosomes

Organised in 23 homologous pairs. 

Each pair has two matching chromosomes. 

How can you tell this is a male karyotype? 

Sperm and egg cells only have 23 chromosomes. Explain why (TIP: think about what happens
during fertilisation).

TALKING EXERCISE

Discuss with your classmate...

what would happen if a sex cell (egg/sperm cell) had 46 chromosomes, just like a normal body cell. What would this 

mean for the fertilised egg cell? And for the next generation?

Let's do a little inventory..

Which characteristics do you have?

Make sure you write down the results

I can roll my tongue

YES

NO

Which hand do you write with?

LEFT

RIGHT

NO PREFERENCE

Hand clasping?

LET'S PRACTICE

Most people on the Solomon Islands (in the Pacific Ocean) have dark skin and dark hair. Sometimes, however, a child is born with very light-coloured hair.

Figure it out in exercise 1

Make exercise 1-10 in your notebook

Finish it before next lesson

LET'S PRACTISE.

A picture and karyotype of a pea plant from the species Chamaecrista fasciculata. 

3. How many chromosomes do you count?

4. Can the number of chromosomes in a pollen cell of Chamaecrista be even, uneven or both? Explain your answer! 

If you look at this persons hair..

1. Phenotype
2. Genotype
3. Phenotype en Genotype

The eye color of these people are.

1. Phenotype
2. Genotype
3. Phenotype en Genotype

Can you change the phenotype of in individual?

1. Yes
2. No
3. Don't know

Put in the correct order,
from small to big.

1. cell - chromosome - DNA - gene
2. gene - chromosome - DNA - cell
3. gene - chromosome -cell - DNA
4. gene - DNA - chromosome - cell

Zet de juiste omschrijving bij het juiste begrip.

chromosomes

gene

alleles

thread of DNA with hereditary information

part of the DNA containing the information for one characteristic

type of gene

Which one is correct?

1. Phenotype = genotype + environment
2. Environment = genotype + phenotype
3. Genotype = phenotype + environment

Mathilde is having her hair dyed at the hairdresser. Does this change her
En haar fenotype?

1. genotype yes phenotype no
2. genotype no phenotype yes
3. genotype no phenotype no
4. genotype yes fenotype yes

Does a butterfly has the same phenotype as the catterpillar it emerged from? And the same genotype?

1. just the samen phenotype
2. just the same genotype
3. both

How many chromosome pairs do humans have in their body cells

1. 22
2. 23
3. 44
4. 46

Hoeveel erfelijk materiaal heeft een gameet (geslachtscel), ten opzichte van een gewone cel.

1. Net zoveel
2. 1/2
3. 1/4
4. 2x zoveel