Chapter 4: Shaping landscapes




Chapter 4:

Shaping landscapes

  • Section 4.1.: types of exogenous forces & types of rocks
  • Section 4.2.: Weathering
  • Section 4.3.: Glaciers
  • Section 4.4.: Erosion by water (rivers and sea's)
  • Section 4.5.: sedimentation
  • Section 4.6.: Erosion by wind
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Slide 1: Slide
AardrijkskundeMiddelbare schoolhavoLeerjaar 2

This lesson contains 55 slides, with text slides and 12 videos.

Items in this lesson




Chapter 4:

Shaping landscapes

  • Section 4.1.: types of exogenous forces & types of rocks
  • Section 4.2.: Weathering
  • Section 4.3.: Glaciers
  • Section 4.4.: Erosion by water (rivers and sea's)
  • Section 4.5.: sedimentation
  • Section 4.6.: Erosion by wind

Slide 1 - Slide

Section 4.1.:

Learning goals:
- Describe which forces helped to shape places like Yellowstone National Park;
- Explain the difference between weathering and erosion;
- Explain the differences between rocks.
Endogenous forces are forces that shape our planet from the inside (e.g. volcanoes, earthquakes).

Exogenous force or process changes our earth from outside. 

Slide 2 - Slide


Three exogenous forces:
  • Weathering;
  • Erosion;
  • Deposition.
  1. Write down the definition of these three exogenous forces;
  2. Explain why the order on the left slide is logical.

Slide 3 - Slide

Slide 4 - Link

Three types of rocks
  • Igneous rocks: volcanic rocks consits of solidified magma or lava (igneous means burning);
  • Sedimentary rocks: from loose sediment that because of pressure became rock;
  • Metamorphic rock: used to be a igneous or sedimentary rock but changed (=metamorphed) because of pressure into a metamorphic rock

Slide 5 - Slide

Igneous rock
Basalt
Granite

Slide 6 - Slide

Sedimentary rocks
Limestone
Sandstone

Slide 7 - Slide

Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Gneiss

Slide 8 - Slide

Rock cycle
Because of heat and pressure the type of rock can change.

Slide 9 - Slide

Slide 10 - Link

Section 4.2.:

Learning goals:
You will be able to:
  • Describe the three different types of weathering;
  • Explain which factors affect the weathering process;
  • Explain the effects of weathering on human activities.
When rocks are formed they will be break down in smaller fragments.
This breaking down onder influence of temperature, precipitation and/or vegetation is called weathering.

Slide 11 - Slide

Slide 12 - Video

Three types of weathering:
  1. Physical weathering
  2. Chemical weathering
  3. Biological weathering.

Read the information on pages 84 and 85 of your textbook
Link the next statements with the type of weathering:
  • You need a lot of water;
  • Happens in warm climates;
  • Happens in cold climates;
  • The rocks only crumbles;
  • Not found in deserts;
  • Substance of the rock changes

Slide 13 - Slide

Peltier diagram

Slide 14 - Slide

Slide 15 - Video

Section 4.3. Glaciers

Learning goals:
  • Desbribe and name the different components of glaciers and their landscapes;
  • Explain how glaciers formed landscapes
  • VWO: explain how glaciers formed parts of the Netherlands



Make a wordlist with all the different components of a glacier.

Slide 16 - Slide

Slide 17 - Video

Slide 18 - Video

Slide 19 - Slide

When the ice is gone the U-shaped valley with its hanging valleys becomes visible

Slide 20 - Slide

Slide 21 - Slide

Ice in the Netherlands

Slide 22 - Slide

Slide 23 - Slide

Section 4.4. Water and waves

Learning goals:
1. Explain how the Grand Canyon was formed. 
2. Compare and contrast erosion from rivers and the sea 
3. Explain solutions to stop coastal erosion.



Watch the movie and explain  in max 10 sentences in your own words how the Grand Canyon was formed.

Slide 24 - Slide

Slide 25 - Video

Slide 26 - Slide

Steps
  1. The river is not strong enough to erode big parts, so it just erodes downwards
  2.  The valleys sides slowly break down due to weathering
  3. The weathered material falls down towards the river
  4. V-valley is formed

Slide 27 - Slide

Slide 28 - Video

Waterfalls
What do we need?
- Rocks with a different strength.

The overlaying harder rock doesn't erode as fast as the underlying softer rock.

Slide 29 - Slide

Off to work
4.4 1,2,3,4,6

Slide 30 - Slide

Coastal Erosion

Slide 31 - Slide

Swash and backwash

Slide 32 - Slide

Swash and backwash
Swash: a wave thats rolls onto the beach
Backwash: A wave that retreats from the beach

Slide 33 - Slide

Longshore drift
A zig-zag process of swases and backwashes which moves sediment along the coast

Slide 34 - Slide

Slide 35 - Slide

How can we stop coastal erosion?

Slide 36 - Slide

Slide 37 - Video

Sand engine
Coast of the Netherlands

Slide 38 - Slide

Slide 39 - Video

Off to work
4.4: 7,8,9,10

Slide 40 - Slide

Section 4.5. Sediment deposition
1. Explain how rivers form deltas; 
2. Describe how the Mississippi delta landscape was affected by Hurricane Katrina;
3. Explain the Saffir-Simpson scale;
4. Explain what wetlands are and how they are formed;
5. Describe how the Dutch delta is protected from floodings.

If rivers flow through an area with less relief they will deposit the sediments and form a delta. Especially "flat" countries as the Netherlands are known for its deltas. 

What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a delta?

Slide 41 - Slide

Deposition
When the relief becomes less, the velocity of the river will be slower the river will deposit its sediments in the form a delta. The heavier the fragments the earlier the sediment will deposit, the lighter the later.

Order these sediments from heavy to light:
Sand, pebble, clay, gravel

Slide 42 - Slide

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Slide 45 - Slide

Slide 46 - Video

Hurricanes
Especially low land areas located near the tropics have a high risk of dealing with hurricanes. 
- What could happen to these areas?
- Why do hurricanes only form near the tropics?
- What is the difference between a hurricane, cyclone and typhoon?
- How do we measure the force of hurricanes?

Slide 47 - Slide

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Slide 49 - Slide

Slide 50 - Video

Slide 51 - Video

Slide 52 - Video

Dust bowl

Slide 53 - Slide

Desertification

Slide 54 - Slide

Wind erosion

Slide 55 - Slide