Final Test Key words & Dates

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• Middelbare school

AGE 7. The Time of Wigs and Revolutions

4.2 The American Revolution

Word Duty

American Revolution: the struggle for independence by British colonists in America

Thirteen colonies: British colonies along the east coast of North America

Militias: civilian armies established to defend against Native Americans and other colonists

Patriots: colonists who used methods of direct action to oppose the taxation acts

The Boston Tea Party: ships carrying tea were attacked and the tea was dumped into the harbour as an act of protest against the taxation acts

Continental Congress: a convention of delegates from all the Thirteen Colonies

Declaration of Independence: a document declaring the Thirteen Colonies independent

United States of America: a country consisting of the former American British colonies

Federation: a country that consists of states, each with their own government, which are ruled on a national level by a federal government

The Constitution: the supreme law describing the relationship between the citizens and the 

government and the way the government works

The Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the constitution which describe individual 

rights of citizens and limit the power of the government

KEY WORDS

Important dates in this lesson:

1770: Boston Massacre

1773: Boston Tea Party

1775: War between Britain and American colonists begins

1776: Declaration of independence

1789: Congress accepts the Constitution

AGE 7. The Time of Wigs and Revolutions

5.1 Problems in France

Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Ancien Régime: a period of time in which the French king had absolute power

Third estate: every French citizen who did not possess a noble title or was not a clergyman

Bourgeoisie: professional and wealthy people in the third estate, such as doctors, 

lawyers and bankers.

Estates-General: a meeting in which representatives of the three estates together 

discussed important matters

Important dates in this lesson:

1778: France supports the patriots in the American Revolution

1789: King Louis XVI summons the Estates-General together to discuss France's financial problems

AGE 7. The Time of Wigs and Revolutions

5.2 The French Revolution

Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Revolution: a change from one – often political – system to another, in a relatively short period of time

National Assembly: in 1789, a meeting was established by disappointed members of the third estate; several members of the lower nobility and clergy also joined

Tennis Court Oath: a pledge of the third estate and it’s sympathisers not to break-up the National Assembly until a new constitution for France had been written

The Great Fear: a revolt from peasants against their landlords on the countryside

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: in 1789, a declaration was written by the National Assembly, stating that everyone is born free and is equal in the eyes of the law

March on Versailles: in October 1789, thousands of angry people went to the Palace of Versailles for a violent confrontation with the Royal court

Reign of Terror: a period of violence in French Revolution marked by mass executions using the guillotine

Jacobines: a political group that dominated the National Assembly and started the Reign of Terror; Robespierre was one of them

Guillotine: a quick method of execution by beheading

Directoire: a committee which governed France after the Reign of Terror

First Coalition War: a military conflict between France and European countries that did not agree with the French Revolution

Important dates in this lesson: Only study the yellow dates

1789: May:       King Louis XVI calls for a meeting of the Estates-General

         June:      Tennis Court Oath

         July 14:   Storming of the Bastille

         Aug:        the Great Fear 

                        la Nuit des Sacrifices

                        Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

         Oct:         March on Versailles

1791: Failed escape of the king

1792: Feb:       start First Coalition War

          Sept:      end of the monarchy

                        reign of Terror

1793: Louis XVI executed

1794: Directoire

1797: end First Coalition War

1798: Napoleon arrives.

AGE 8. The Time of Citizens and Steam Engines

6.1 The Industrial Revolution

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Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Industrial revolution: a radical change in which manual labour was replaced by machines

Modern age: the period in time from 1800 up to now

Entrepreneurs: persons who start or run a business with the goal of making profit

Steam power: an energy source that is derived from heating water; steam is the gas phase of water

Factories: large buildings in which machines are operated to make a product

Services: a work sector in which people offer their service in exchange for money; other sectors are agriculture and industry

Important dates in this lesson:

1712: first steam engine

1750 - 1900: Industrial Revolution

1837 - 1901: Victorian Age

AGE 8. The Time of Citizens and Steam Engines

6.2 The Social Issue

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Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Capitalism: an economic system in which making profit and private ownership are essential

Employer: a person or institution which hires employees to do a certain job in exchange for a wage

Employee: works for an employer in exchange for a wage

Socialism: a political and economic system in which equality is important; ways of making money are owned by the whole society

Trade union: organisation of labourers and union leaders with the goal of improving the work situation

Social issue: the problem of bad working, health and living conditions of the labourers

Social laws: laws that helped to improve the living and working conditions of labourers

Important dates in this lesson:

1874: "Children's Law" of van Houten

AGE 8. The Time of Citizens and Steam Engines

6.3 The rise of the -isms

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Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Constitutional reform: an adjustment to the constitution

Conservative: someone who thinks that tradition is important; change is opposed

Progressive: someone who thinks change is important in a society

Liberalism: political philosophy in which freedom of the individual is most important

Government: the executive branch of power: the prime ministers and ministers (= cabinet).

Parliament: the legislative branch of power: the elected peoples' representatives, seated in the Eerste and Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal.

Confessionalism: political philosophy in which laws in a country should be based on religion

Political party: a group of people with the same political ideas that work together to win elections and govern a country

Feminism: a political philosophy based on equal rights for women

Passive vote right: the right to be elected and to participate in government

Active vote right: the right to vote during political elections

Important dates in this lesson:

1815: Peace Conference of Vienna

1830: Belgium declares itself independent from the Netherlands

1848: Revolution Year

          Thorbecke's new constitution signed