2.2 causes of the Dutch revolt

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Time to work

• Read par 2.1 (make a list of difficult words, events and historical figures)
• Make par 2.1
• Make a summary of 2.1

Statement 1: Before Luther, there was only one Christian Church:
the Catholic Church.
Statement 2: After Luther, the Catholic Church was replaced by many
different Protestant Churches

1. Both statements are true
2. Both statements are false
3. Only Statement 1 is true
4. Only statement 2 is true

What is "biechten" in English?

1. to confess
2. to conquer
3. to confiscate
4. to condemn

How could people avoid being sent to hell after they died?

What does Luther see in Rome that irritates him?

priests spend too much time praying

the clergy live too luxuriously

people worship relics

people refuse to worship the pope

clerics are sleeping with women

people worship images of saints

What is "aflaat" in English?

1. intolerance
2. infidel
3. offleave
4. indulgence

By buying an indulgence you would got:

1. to spend more years in hell
2. a ticket to Heaven
3. a free ticket to Rome
4. special treatment when you died

Luther's 95 theses were actually 95:

1. wishes Luther wanted the pope to give him
2. compliments about the pope
3. complaints about the behavior of the Catholic Church
4. complaints about the lifestyle of the pope

Luther wanted everybody to read his 95 theses so:

Statement 1: people would reject the pope and start a new religion
Statement 2: the Church would change the bad things

1. both statements are correct
2. both statements are wrong
3. only statement 1 is correct
4. only statement 2 is correct

What's the English word for "ketter"?

1. cetter
2. heretic
3. infidel
4. lunatic

Who was the emperor of the German Empire?

1. Charlemagne
2. Charles V
3. Louis XIV
4. Philip II

What did the emperor hope that Luther would say?

1. that he was sorry for his writings
2. that he was sorry for starting a new religion
3. that he was sorry for buying indulgences
4. that he was sorry for burning the pope's letter

A heretic was someone who had a different opinion about Christianity than the official views of the Catholic Church

1. TRUE
2. FALSE

Last task...Put the events in the correct chronological order

Luther must appear before the Emperor

Luther visits Rome

Luther writes his 95 theses

Luther translates the Bible into German

Luther burns the pope's letter

2.2 causes of the Dutch revolt

This lesson:

• Introduction of "Pater Patriae"
• Explanation 2.2
• Time to work

Memorygame.......

For centuries, the Low Countries were not one country. It was a collection of separate provinces in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Since 1482, the House of Habsburg had come into possession of these provinces through inheritance, conquest and marriages. In 1506, the Habsburg emperor Charles V became the ruler of all the seventeen provinces. Later he also became the king of Spain..Charles V ruled an empire that included large parts of Europe, but also overseas territories, with some in America. It was said that in his empire the sun would never set. During his reign, the Habsburg Empire and the provinces of the Low Countries all remained in the hands of one ruler. But when Charles V abdicated in 1555, his empire was split up. His brother Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor, and his son Philip II ruled Spain with its overseas territories and the Low Countries.

 

fill in the blanks.......

For centuries, the ..a.. were not one country. It was a collection of ...b... in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Since 1482, the House of ..c.. had come into possession of these provinces through inheritance, conquest and ...d.... In 1506, the Habsburg emperor Charles V became the ruler of all the ...e... provinces. Later he also became the king of ...f....Charles V ruled an empire that included large parts of Europe, but also ...g... territories, with some in America. It was said that in his empire the sun would never set. During his ...h..., the Habsburg Empire and the provinces of the Low Countries all remained in the hands of one ruler. But when Charles V ...i... in 1555, his empire was split up. His brother Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor, and his son ...j... ruled Spain with its overseas territories and the ...k....

 

player.hihaho.com

Philip II succeeds his father

Charles is very disappointed about the reformation

Religion and politics

The Low Countries were however not Charles’s only priority and he failed to create the order he wanted. 

In the 1540s, Protestantism arrived in the Low Countries and proved to be quite popular. Charles V swore to make the Low Countries Catholic again. Despite this, the measures taken against these Protestants were quite mild. By the time Philip II rose to the throne, the provinces had Catholics and Protestants living together in peace. The Dutch practised tolerance.

a woman is being publicely burned after she was found guilty of herecy by the Inquisition.

graph of the Inquisition in Flanders

The government of Philip II

Philip II continued the plans of his father to centralise the Low Countries, but he was a lot more fanatical. In this he ignored the nobles and their rights. This upset them, as their individual power and control were absorbed by a central government. This central government was filled with Spanish and foreign members, not the Dutch nobles. Philip II appointed his half sister Margaret of Parma as governor and ruler of this government. Philip also appointed stadtholders. A stadtholder was a nobleman who represented the monarch in one or more provinces. 

Top: The empire that Philip II inherited from his father, Charles V.

Bottom left: Margaret of Parma. She was Philip's half sister.

Bottom right: Philip II of Spain, painted by Sofonisba Anguissola (1565).

The highest Dutch nobles (mostly counts and dukes) ruled a province  (gewest) in the function of "Stadtholder".  They had sworn  loyalty to their king (Philip II) and had promised to execute the king's policies in the Low Countries.

Margaret of Parma was appointed to be the governor (landvoogdes) of the Low Countries.  She was the king's representative and was responsible that:

- there was peace in the provinces

- the taxes were paid.

- protestants were persecuted by the Inquisition

King Philip II ruled Spain and the Low Countries. Because he lived in Spain he left his half sister Margaret in charge of the Low Countries.

Inquisition and the Petition of Nobles

Like his father, Philip was a devout Catholic. He put even more pressure behind the Inquisition in the Low Countries, burning more and more heretics. In 1564 he created new laws called the Placards, which outlawed all Protestants. These laws were so severe that both Catholics and Protestants opposed them.

These changes in government and especially the persecution of Protestants caused a lot of unrest in the Low Countries. Because of this, the count of Egmont was sent to ask Philip to ease up his laws. Philip reacted negatively, and thus in 1566 the lower nobles gathered and wrote a petition. In it they asked for a reduction of taxes, a return of some of the power to the provinces and an end to the persecution of protestants. This petition is known as the Petition of Nobles (‘Smeekschrift der edelen’), or the Petition, for short. They presented it to Margaret of Parma. Margaret promised to send the Petition to King Philip in Spain. And until the king came with an answer she promised to stop the Inquisition. So, she made a compromise.

Dutch nobles hand the Petition to Margaret of Parma at her palace in Brussels.

2.2 causes of the Dutch revolt

This lesson:

• HW check
• Explanation 2.2 + PA
• Time to work

you must STOP THE INQUISITION !!

You must KILL THE HERETICS !!

stadtholders

governor

king / monarch

When the Petition was presented, a member of her council said to Margaret of Parma: 'N'ayez pas peur Madame, ce ne sont que de gueux', which means: 'Don't worry madame, they are but beggars.' The nobles took this name as a title of honor, calling themselves: Geuzen (in English: beggars).

Hendrik of Brederode hands the Petition of Nobles to Margaret of Parma. Engraving by Famiano Strada (first half 17th century)

coin from 1567 with a portrait of Margaret of Parma

I will make a COMPROMISE

I will stop the Inquisition....UNTIL I get an answer from the king!

stadtholders

governor

king / monarch

Protestants did not have their own churches. Therefore they gathered in the open fields. These sermons were called "hagepreken".

Of course, these open field sermons were not allowed by Philip II.

Iconoclasm

While the message was underway however, an event took place that would shake the Low Countries down to its foundations.  During one of the sermons in the Flemish village of Steenvoorde, the preacher talked about the taxes, placards and excesses of the Church. This was during a famine in 1566. The Protestants present got furious, and went to a local monastery, destroying the altar and statues.

This inspired many other Protestant groups. Over the next few weeks the unrest would spread. People charged and destroyed churches, not only for their religious convictions but also out of poverty, frustration or just to plunder. This event is called the Iconoclastic Fury (‘Beeldenstorm’) or the Iconoclasm. Most of the time the city militias did not even bother to stop them. Margaret quickly agreed to the demands of the nobles as long as they helped to restore order.

two pictures illustration the Iconoclasm in 1566

In Utrecht you can still see the results of the Iconoclasm. These images on the "Domkerk" were destroyed.

Philip’s rage

When the Compromise reached Philip II, he refused to give in to the demands. And when the news of the Iconoclasm reached him, he became enraged. He sent the Duke of Alva to the Low Countries with an army. Alva’s army would put down any aggressive behaviour and keep tight control over the Low Countries. Alva also set up the Council of Troubles, a special tribunal to convict all the people involved in the Iconoclasm. This council was soon nicknamed the Council of Blood. They killed anyone, even if they were only slightly suspected of being part of the Iconoclasm. After arriving, Alva took more control away from Margaret, driving up taxes and putting more and more pressure on the Low Countries.

When he heard that Alva was coming, William of Orange left for his lands in Nassau, Germany. His friends, the count of Horne and the count of Egmont stayed and tried to get William to stay too, telling him he would lose all his power and land. Their last words to him are said to have been: 'Farewell count without land', to which William answered: 'Farewell counts without heads.' 

The duke of Alva arrives in Brussels on 

August 22, 1567.

He brings 10,000 Spanish soldiers with him and he is determined to restore order to the Netherlands and punish the iconoclasts.

Time to work....

• Read par 2.2 (make a list of difficult words, events and historical figures)
• Make par 2.1 and 2.2
• Make a summary of 2.1 and 2.2
• Read the PA on Onderwijsportaal