The Geography of Japan

• Geography
• Lower Secondary (Key Stage 3)

The Geography of Japan

Who are Japan's near neighbours?

Introduction to Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia, made up of four main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. There are also thousands of smaller islands. Japan sits in the Pacific Ocean, east of China, Korea, and Russia. The country is famous for its unique culture, advanced technology, and natural beauty. Japan has a population of about 125 million people living in an area roughly the same size as Germany. The capital city is Tokyo, which is one of the world's largest cities. Japan is known for its mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and beautiful cherry blossoms. Today we'll explore Japan's fascinating geography, from its dramatic landscape to its bustling cities and rich cultural traditions.

What is the capital city of Japan?

1. Moscow
2. Seoul
3. Tokyo
4. Beijing

What was your favourite place in the video?

Location and Position

Japan is located between 24°N and 46°N latitude and 123°E and 146°E longitude. This places it in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. The country stretches about 3,000 kilometres from north to south, giving it varied climates. In the north, Hokkaido has cold winters with heavy snow. In the south, Kyushu and Okinawa have subtropical climates with warm temperatures year-round. Japan is separated from mainland Asia by the Sea of Japan to the west and faces the Pacific Ocean to the east. The country is part of the "Ring of Fire," a zone around the Pacific Ocean known for earthquakes and volcanic activity. This location has greatly influenced Japan's development, culture, and way of life throughout history.

Japan

Where in the world

Which ocean does Japan face to the east?

1. Atlantic Ocean
2. Pacific Ocean
3. Arctic Ocean
4. Indian Ocean

Physical Geography - Islands and Coastline

Japan consists of 6,852 islands, though only about 430 are inhabited. The four main islands make up 97% of the total land area. Honshu is the largest and most populated island, containing major cities like Tokyo and Osaka. The Japanese coastline is extremely long - about 29,750 kilometres - due to the irregular, jagged shape of the islands. This creates many natural harbours and bays, which have been important for fishing and trade throughout Japanese history. The coastline varies from rocky cliffs and sandy beaches to river deltas and coastal plains. Many of Japan's major cities developed along the coast because flat land is limited inland. The surrounding seas provide important resources like fish and seaweed, which are central to Japanese cuisine and culture.

Main Japan Islands

Physical map

How many islands does Japan consist of?

1. 430
2. 6,852
3. 10,000
4. 1,000

Japan islands

Japan beaches

Mountains and Volcanoes

About 73% of Japan is mountainous, with over 100 active volcanoes. The Japanese Alps run through central Honshu, creating a dramatic landscape of peaks and valleys. Mount Fuji is Japan's highest peak at 3,776 metres and is considered sacred by many Japanese people. It last erupted in 1707 and remains an active volcano. The mountainous terrain means that most Japanese people live in the narrow coastal plains and valleys between mountains. Volcanoes have created fertile soil in many areas, which is excellent for farming rice. However, volcanic activity also brings dangers like eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The mountains provide beautiful scenery and are popular for hiking, skiing, and spiritual retreats. Many Japanese religions consider mountains to be sacred places where gods live.

When did Mount Fuji last erupt?

1. 1607
2. 1707
3. 1807
4. 1907

Earthquakes and Tectonic Activity

Japan experiences about 1,500 earthquakes every year because it sits where four tectonic plates meet: the Pacific, Philippine, Eurasian, and North American plates. Most earthquakes are small and barely felt, but major ones can cause serious damage. The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 measured 9.0 on the Richter scale and triggered a devastating tsunami. Japanese buildings are designed to withstand earthquakes using flexible materials and special foundations. Children practice earthquake drills regularly in schools. Early warning systems can detect earthquakes and send alerts to mobile phones seconds before shaking begins. Despite the risks, Japanese people have learned to live with earthquakes as part of daily life. The tectonic activity also creates hot springs (onsen), which are popular for relaxation and tourism throughout. the country.

Have you experienced an earthquake?

How many earthquakes does Japan experience annually?

1. Over 5,000 earthquakes
2. 500 earthquakes
3. About 1,500 earthquakes
4. 1,000 earthquakes

Climate and Weather

Japan has four distinct seasons with varied weather patterns across the country. Spring (March-May) is famous for cherry blossom season, with mild temperatures and occasional rain. Summer (June-August) is hot and humid, especially during the rainy season in June and July. Autumn (September-November) brings cooler temperatures and beautiful red and orange leaves. Winter (December-February) varies greatly by region - northern areas get heavy snow whilst southern regions stay mild. The Pacific Ocean moderates temperatures, preventing extremes. Typhoons (tropical storms) often hit Japan between May and October, bringing strong winds and heavy rain. The climate allows for diverse agriculture, from rice in warmer areas to potatoes in cooler northern regions. Seasonal changes are deeply important in Japanese culture, influencing food, festivals, and daily life.

Agricultural diversity relies on Japan's climate.

Yes, climate supports varied crops.

To some extent, but technology matters.

No, agriculture can thrive elsewhere.

Yes, but climate impacts are changing.

Rivers and Water Resources

Japan's main river is the Shinano River, which flows 367 kilometres through Honshu island. Most Japanese rivers are short and flow quickly from mountains to the sea due to the narrow shape of the islands. The Tone River system is crucial for Tokyo's water supply and flood control. Japanese rivers are often used for hydroelectric power generation because of their steep gradients and reliable flow. Many rivers flood during the rainy season and typhoons, so extensive flood control systems have been built. Rivers have been important for transport, though most are too shallow for large ships. The abundance of rivers and rainfall means Japan has good freshwater resources. Rivers also hold cultural significance - many Shinto shrines are built near rivers, and river festivals are common. Rice farming depends heavily on river water for irrigation systems called paddies.

What is Ukraine's longest river? How long is it?

What is Japan's main river?

1. Tone River
2. Shinano River
3. Yamato River
4. Kushiro River

Population Distribution

Japan has about 125 million people, making it the 11th most populous country in the world. However, the population is declining and ageing rapidly. Most Japanese people live on only 20% of the land because mountains cover most of the country. The majority live in urban areas along the Pacific coast of Honshu island. The Tokaido corridor between Tokyo and Osaka contains about half of Japan's population. This creates a megalopolis - a chain of connected cities and suburbs. Rural areas, especially in northern and mountainous regions, are losing population as young people move to cities for work. Japan has one of the world's lowest birth rates and highest life expectancies. By 2050, experts predict the population will shrink to about 95 million people, creating challenges for the economy and society.

What is Japan's predicted population by 2050?

1. 95 million
2. 100 million
3. 90 million
4. 85 million

Major Cities - Tokyo

Tokyo is Japan's capital and largest city, with about 14 million people in the city proper and 38 million in the greater metropolitan area. This makes it the world's most populous urban area. Tokyo serves as Japan's political, economic, and cultural centre. The city is actually made up of 23 special wards, each functioning almost like separate cities. Tokyo is incredibly dense, with people living in small apartments and relying heavily on public transport. The city is famous for its efficient train system, including the bullet trains (shinkansen). Tokyo will host major international events and is known for districts like Shibuya, Harajuku, and Akihabara. Despite its size, Tokyo is remarkably clean and safe. The city faces challenges from earthquakes, an ageing population, and extremely high living costs, especially housing.

What is the population of Ukraine's largets city?

Major Cities - Osaka and Others

Osaka is Japan's second-largest urban area with about 19 million people in the greater metropolitan region. Known as "Japan's kitchen," Osaka is famous for its food culture and business district. The city is a major industrial centre and port. Yokohama, near Tokyo, is Japan's second-largest city by population and has one of the world's largest ports. Nagoya is central Japan's main city and home to major car manufacturers like Toyota. Kyoto, the former capital, is famous for its temples, traditional architecture, and cultural heritage. Kobe is known for its port and high-quality beef. Fukuoka is the largest city on Kyushu island. Sapporo, on Hokkaido, hosted the 1972 Winter Olympics. Each city has its own character, dialect, and specialities, but all face similar challenges of ageing populations and earthquake risks.

What is Osaka known as?

1. Winter sports hub
2. City of temples
3. Business capital of Japan
4. Japan's kitchen

Infrastructure and Transport

Japan has one of the world's most advanced transport systems. The shinkansen (bullet trains) connect major cities at speeds up to 320 km/h, making travel fast and efficient. The rail network includes local trains, subways, and private railways that are punctual and clean. Most Japanese people rely on public transport rather than cars, especially in cities. Japan has excellent roads and highways, including many tunnels and bridges to connect islands and cross mountains. The infrastructure is built to withstand earthquakes, with flexible designs and strict building codes. Japan's ports handle massive amounts of international trade, as the country imports most of its raw materials and energy. Airports like Narita and Haneda serve millions of passengers yearly. The infrastructure requires constant maintenance and upgrading due to natural disasters, high usage, and the country's mountainous terrain.

Agriculture and Farming

Rice is Japan's most important crop and cultural staple, grown in flooded fields called paddies. Japan produces enough rice to feed its population and considers rice farming culturally significant. Other important crops include vegetables, fruits, tea, and soybeans. Japanese farming is highly intensive, using advanced technology and careful cultivation methods to maximise yields from small plots. Most farms are small family operations, averaging only 1.9 hectares. The mountainous terrain limits farmland to about 11% of the total land area. Many farmers are elderly, and young people are reluctant to continue farming, threatening the industry's future. Japan imports about 60% of its food due to limited farmland and high domestic production costs. The government supports farmers through subsidies and protects rice farming from foreign competition. Organic farming and sustainable practices are becoming more popular.

Culture and Customs

Japanese culture blends ancient traditions with modern innovations. The concept of "wa" (harmony) emphasises group cooperation and avoiding conflict. Bowing is a common greeting that shows respect, with deeper bows indicating greater respect. Gift-giving follows complex rules and shows consideration for others. The tea ceremony, flower arranging (ikebana), and calligraphy are traditional arts still practised today. Festivals (matsuri) celebrate seasons, harvests, and religious occasions with colourful parades and traditional foods. Anime, manga, and video games represent modern Japanese culture popular worldwide. Education is highly valued, and students often attend extra classes (juku) after school. Respect for elders and teachers is fundamental. Traditional clothing like kimono is worn for special occasions. Japanese homes often remove shoes at the entrance and may have tatami mat floors and sliding doors.

What does the concept of 'wa' emphasise?

1. Individual success and competition
2. Group cooperation and avoiding conflict

Religion and Society

Most Japanese people practise both Shintoism and Buddhism without seeing any contradiction. Shintoism is Japan's indigenous religion that honours nature spirits (kami) and ancestors. Buddhism came from China and Korea, bringing concepts of meditation and reincarnation. Many Japanese visit Shinto shrines for life events like births and marriages, and Buddhist temples for funerals. Confucianism influences social behaviour, emphasising respect for authority and family loyalty. Christmas is celebrated as a commercial holiday rather than a religious one. Japanese society values group harmony over individual expression, leading to strong social cooperation but also pressure to conform. The concept of "face" (mentsu) means avoiding embarrassment for oneself and others. Work dedication is highly valued, sometimes leading to excessive working hours. Japan has low crime rates and high social trust, making it one of the world's safest countries.

What is Japan's indigenous religion?

1. Shintoism
2. Confucianism
3. Taoism
4. Buddhism

Modern Challenges

Japan faces several significant challenges in the 21st century. The ageing population means fewer workers support more pensioners, straining the economy and healthcare system. The declining birth rate threatens future population levels and economic growth. Natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons require constant preparation and costly infrastructure. Climate change may increase extreme weather events and affect agriculture. Economic competition from other Asian countries challenges Japan's traditional industries. The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 raised questions about energy security and safety. Rural depopulation leaves villages abandoned whilst cities become overcrowded. Despite these challenges, Japan continues to innovate in technology, robotics, and sustainable development. The country's experience with an ageing society may provide lessons for other developed nations facing similar demographic changes.