Study of Language week3

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Study of Language week 3

recap week 2

chapter 6: morphology

chapter 9: semantics

Study of language; week 3

Pragmatics (ch. 10) & Discourse analysis (ch. 11)

That annoying woman kept trying to hit me.

Look at the use of "ing" in this sentence. They are what kind of morphemes?

1. derivational & inflectional
2. inflectional & derivational
3. both derivational
4. both inflectional

This morning our faithful car started with a loud bang.

Which is NOT a (one) lexical morpheme?

1. morning
2. faithful
3. start
4. bang

lexical relations (ch. 9)

Synonyms 

Antonyms: (non-)gradable

Reversives 

Hyponyms / Prototypes 

Metonymy 

Collocation

Homophones  

Homonyms  

Polysemy

hyponym

co-hyponyms

proto-type

2 or more examples of a kind of...

the "best" hyponym

a kind of

a banana is a ...... of fruit

pineapple, orange, 

cherry, kiwi

apple

saw (tool)

saw (past tense of see)

homonyms

polysemous

homophones

foot (of the page)

foot (of person)

there

their

chapter 10

Pragmatics

Learning aims:

• You know that communication always takes place in a context, which can affect understanding of meaning.
•  You know that both speaker and listener need to put in effort to understand meaning.
•  You understand terminology concerning pragmatics and can apply this knowledge to examples.

Pragmatics: how do we make sense of what is being said?

Physical/linguistic context.

Deixis

reference: inference & anaphora

presupposition

Pragmatic markers

positive & negative face

(in)direct speech acts

The meaning of the word "awesome" can depend on...

1. the physical context
2. the linguistic context
3. the co-text
4. all of these

this quote makes clever use of ....

1. person deixis
2. spatial deixis
3. temporal deixis

The misunderstanding in this clip comes from an incorrect. ...

1. anaphora
2. deixis
3. presupposition
4. context

In the following sentence, which antecedent does the word "she" refer to?
The girl hit the woman with a shopping bag, but when the police arrived she had left the scene.

1. the girl
2. the woman
3. not clear

You are at a friend's house
and you are hungry.
How can you get something to eat
using an indirect speech act?

The following can be perceived as:

1. positive face (belonging) - face saving (indirect)
2. negative face (independence) -face saving (indirect)
3. positive face (belonging) - face threatening (direct) -
4. negative face (independence) -face threatening (direct) -

Look at the sentence: which presupposition(s) can you make?

Why did you not bring
your girl-friend to the party?

Learning aims achieved?

• You know that communication always takes place in a context, which can affect understanding of meaning.
•  You know that both speaker and listener need to put in effort to understand meaning.
•  You understand terminology concerning pragmatics and can apply this knowledge to examples.

chapter 11

Discourse analysis

Learning aims:

You understand some basic principles of conversational interaction:

• that people try to "make sense".
• that a conversation/story has a (logical) structure
• that there are "rules" in a conversation, that participants try to stick to

(mis)communication

Conversation structure

cohesion & coherence

conversation principles

turn-taking

(filled) pauses

adjacency pairs

insertion sequences

the co-operative principle

maxims & hedges

implicatures

background knowledge

schemas & scripts

We can make sense of this story mainly because of the use of....

1. cohesion (cohesive ties)
2. coherence
3. cohension and coherence

completion point

filled pause

adjency pair

I really like him because he......... er is a really nice .... you know... guy

Hello! - Hi there!

And what do you think?

So, we went home. 

Thanks for your help. - You're welcome

Hi Ben, where is Sue?

who do you mean?

Isn't your sister called Sue?

No, her name is Paula. Sue is my cousin.

So I meant Paula. 

She's at home.

A3

A1

Q2

Q3

Q1

A2

Hedges are used by speakers to show that they try to follow "the rules" in a conversation. Match the hedges to the rule they are trying to stick to.

maxim of quality

maxim of quantity

maxim of relation

maxim of manner

I am not sure if this all makes sense, but...

To cut a long story short, ...

By the way, ...

As far as I know, ...

Consider the conversation: Which implicature do you need to understand the respons?

We would normally understand what was meant, because we have....

1. a schema
2. a script

Learning aims achieved?

You understand some basic principles of conversational interaction:

• that people try to "make sense".
• that a conversation/story has a (logical) structure
• that there are "rules" in a conversation, that participants try to stick to

Next week

• explanation for your chapters of choice (see #OO)
• week 2.4: study chapter 17 (language history and change)