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Tense [těns]
A category of verbal inflection expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.
change in pitch or tone of voice.
Past
Present
Future
Past tense expresses action, activity and state of being in the past.
Simple Past expresses the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Henry arrived at the airport.
Past
Present Future
Completed action in the past
I finished my lunch, went to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
Past
Present Future
A series of completed actions
Past
Present
Richard studied astronautical engineering for three years.
Future
Duration in the past
Past
Present Future
Past Facts or Generalizations
Dinosaurs were once the dominant terrestrial vertebrate animals.
Past
Present Future
Past Facts or Generalizations
Use Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
We were driving through the desert when our car suddenly broke down.
Past
Present Future
Interrupted action in the past
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling, and customers were waiting to be helped.
Past
Present
Future
Parallel actions
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time
in the past.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city
several times.
Past
Present Future
Completed action before something in the past
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Past
Present
Future
Duration before something in the past
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is compulsory. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.
Use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
Past
Present
Future
Duration before something in the past
The boys had been playing soccer for about an hour when it started to rain.
Present tense expresses action, activity and state of being in the present.
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.
Past
Present
Future
Repeated Actions
I eat breakfast every morning at 6:30. I go to work every day.
The earth revolves
around the sun.
Past
Present
Future
Facts or Generalizations
Use the Present Continuous
with
verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
I am sitting
down, because I
am tired.
Past
Present Future
Actions in progress now
Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.
Past
Present Future
Actions happening around now,
and not necessarily this very moment
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday.
Past
Present
Future
Near future
Use Present Perfect to express action that has been completed with respect to the present.
I have already seen that film. I do not want to see it again.
Past
Present Future
Unspecified time before now
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now.
It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Use Present Perfect
Continuous
to refer to an
event that may or may not be finished when its effect can be seen now.
Look! It has been snowing.
Past
Present Future
Duration from the past until now
My company has been monitoring my internet usage.
Future tense expresses action, activity and state of being in the future.
Simple Future has two
different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health
insurance.
Past
Present Future
"Will" to express a promise
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner.
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
You are going to have perfected your Chinese by the time you come back from China.
Past
Present Future
Completed action before something in the future
Future Continuous
has two different forms: "will be doing" and "be going to be doing."
I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
Past
Present Future
Interrupted action in the future
At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
Past
Present Future
Specific time as an interruption in the future
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
Past
Present Future
Parallel actions in the future
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking soft drinks. They always do the same thing.
Past
Present
Future
Atmosphere in the Future
Future Perfect
Continuous
has two
different forms: "will have been doing" and "be going to have been doing."
She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.
Past
Present Future
Duration before something in the future
Clarence's English will be perfect when he returns to Germany because he is going to have been studying
English in the United States
for over two years.
Past
Present Future
Cause of something in the future
He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.
He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.
Future Continuous This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment
in the future.
Future Perfect Continuous
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.
