Writing lesson 4

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vmbo t
• Leerjaar 4

Reading

Today's goals

After today's lesson, you 

can use linking words to write more elaborate sentences

linking words

What is the function of linking words? 

 

linking words (blz 193-194)

1) Reason (reden/oorzaak)

Na woorden als 'because, since, as' wordt de reden of oorzaak genoemd

because → gives a reason

She stayed home because she was sick.

as → gives a reason (more formal)

We left early as it was getting dark.

since → gives a reason (often at the start)

Since it was raining, we stayed inside.*

She stayed at home ________ she wasn’t feeling well.

____ it was raining, the football match was canceled.

I didn’t buy the shoes ________ they were too expensive.

since

because 

as

2) Result & Purpose (gevolg)

Er gebeurt iets, dat noem je de oorzaak. Wat er daarna gebeurt noem je het gevolg. Het gevolg komt na woorden als 'as a result' en 'so that'.

as a result → shows a consequence

The shop was closed; as a result, we went somewhere else.

so that → shows purpose

I spoke loudly so that everyone could hear me.

He studied very hard; __________, he passed the exam with excellent grades.

I spoke loudly _______ everyone could hear me.

The shop was closed; __________, we went to another one.

as a result

as a result 

so that

3) Addition (toevoeging)

Na woorden als 'also', 'and' en 'besides that', wordt eenzelfde soort reden genoemd als daarvoor.

also → adds extra information

She plays the piano; she also sings.

and → joins equal ideas

I like apples and oranges.

besides that → adds an extra, often surprising point

I finished my homework. Besides that, I cleaned my room.

She speaks Spanish ______ French.

We went to the museum _____ we went to the park.

______________, I prepared the presentation.

besides that

and 

and

4) Contrast (tegenstelling)

Er wordt iets gezegd en na woorden als 'although', 'but' en 'however' wordt er het tegenovergestelde van datgene gezegd .

although → contrast in one sentence

Although it was raining, we went for a walk.*

but → contrast in one clause (zinsdeel)

I like pizza, but I don’t like pasta.

however → contrast between two sentences

The film was good. However, it was too long.

_________ it was raining, we went for a walk.

I like pizza, _____ I don’t like pasta.

The film was interesting. __________, it was too long.

although

but

however

5) Comparison / Addition (overeenkomst)

  Geeft aan dat er iets met elkaar vergeleken wordt wat gelijk(waardig) is.

as well as → “in addition to”

She enjoys tennis as well as swimming.

just like → shows similarity

He drives just like his father.

She enjoys playing tennis __________ swimming.

He drives __________ his father does.

The new phone is stylish ________ practical.

just like

as well as

as well as

6) Giving Examples (voorbeeld)

Er wordt een voorbeeld gegeven bij wat er gezegd wordt. 

for example → introduces an example

I like fruit; for example, apples and bananas.

for instance → introduces an example (similar to “for example”)

Some animals, for instance dolphins, are intelligent.

such as → introduces examples in a list

I enjoy sports such as football and basketball.

Many European countries, ______ France and Germany, use the euro.

There are lots of outdoor activities to do, ______ hiking and cycling.

Some animals, ______ dolphins, are very intelligent.

for instance

for example

such as

7) Sequence / Order (volgorde)

firstly → the first step or point

Firstly, I checked my emails.*

secondly → the second step or point

Secondly, I wrote a report.*

then → the next step

I ate lunch and then went back to work.

finally → the last step

Finally, we went home.*

_______, I woke up.

________, I got up.

______, I had breakfast.

________, I went to school.

Finally

Firstly

Then

Secondly

Practice

Sb p. 174 ex. 6

Finished?
Work on the week task

Which words do you remember?

linking words

linking words

Connections	linking words
enumeration (to sum up things)	and, also, first (of all), second(ly), third, then, on top of that, not only ... but also, another …, plus, last (of all)
reason	as, because
examples	for example, for instance, such as, like
contrast	but, however, instead of, though, yet, although, surely
conclusion	so, thus

Oorzaak en gevolg

Er gebeurt iets, dat noem je de oorzaak. Wat er daarna gebeurt, noem je het gevolg. 

Signaalwoorden in het Engels:

as a result of / because / due to / reason why / since / so / therefore

Bijvoorbeeld:

She couldn't walk as a result of the accident. 

Tegenstelling 

Er wordt iets gezegd en daarna wordt er het tegenovergestelde van datgene gezegd .

Signaalwoorden in het Engels: 

but / although / even though / however / in spite of / still / unlike / nevertheless  

Bijvoorbeeld:

He got the job in spite of his poor English. 

Vergelijking 

  Geeft aan dat er iets met elkaar vergeleken wordt. 

Signaalwoorden in het Engels:  

compared to / just like / in comparison to / rather (than) / similarly

Bijvoorbeeld:

His new car is super fast compared to his old one. 

Voorwaarde

Er wordt een voorwaarde aan iets gesteld.

Signaalwoorden in het Engels:

except / if / provided that / unless 

Bijvoorbeeld:

Unless you learn for your test, you will fail. 

Voorbeeld

Er wordt een voorbeeld gegeven bij wat er gezegd wordt. 

Signaalwoorden in het Engels: 

for example / for instance / just like / such as / even 

Bijvoorbeeld: 

There are many great cities in Europe, such as London and Paris.

Sarah loves her husband, ... he is always friendly and funny.

1. although
2. as a result
3. because
4. and

There are different subjects at school, ... English and Maths.

I set the alarm for 6.30 in the morning, ... I wouldn't miss the train.

1. because
2. so that
3. in case
4. before

The class was cancelled, ....there were only 3 students.

1. since
2. still
3. unless
4. provided that

They are strong, ... we are smart

James did his homework, ... Ellie, who dit not.

I didn't eat any crisps, ... I ate an ice cream.

1. especially
2. generally
3. but
4. unless

You may leave earlier... you have completed your exercises.

1. provided that
2. however
3. so that
4. especially

Her salary is higher than mine ... we do the same work.

I love summer. ... , I hate getting on the underground in the heat.

1. because
2. so
3. however
4. provided that

You may go out ... you finish your homework.

1. unless
2. if
3. except
4. although