Exemplification in (academic) essays: drag & drop

• Exemplification and categories
• Higher Education (degree)

This is an example exercise.

Did you know there are three primary colours? By mixing up the colours red, yellow and blue you can create any colour imaginable.

Category

Example

primary colours

red

yellow

blue

Not all options are types of examples or categories.

There are many mammal species,

such as the giraffe, elephant, dingo and bat.

Some mammals, such as humans, have

canaries as a pet.

Category

Example

mammal species

giraffe

elephant

dingo

bat

humans

canaries

Now, for the real exercises!

These texts are all taken from Gig Economy reads.

It draws on findings from a survey of crowdworkers conducted

in late 2015 on the Amazon Mechanical Turk and Crowdflower

platforms on workers’ employment patterns,work histories,

and financial security. Based on this information,

it provides an analysis of crowdworkers’ economic

dependence on the platform, including the share of workers

who depend on crowdwork as their main source of income,

as well as their working conditions,

the problems they encounter while crowdworking and

their overall income security.

Category

Example

findings from a survey

main source of income

working conditions

income security

problems they encounter while crowdworking

Upwork (formerly oDesk) illustrates this kind of online platform.
Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs (such as

software development) that pay relatively high wages (compared to

other gig jobs). Workers have considerable autonomy as to how

they do their work, but Upwork exerts considerable control

over the terms of the employment relationship: they can

abruptly change the terms of reimbursement to workers, and

they require workers to sign a noncircumvention clause that

prohibits them for twenty-four months from working with

any client that identified the worker through the Upwork site.

Category

Example

highly skilled jobs

software development

What is the category for these examples?
- abruptly change the terms of reimbursement to workers,
- require workers to sign a noncircumvention clause

What is the catogory for these examples?
- Employers offer relatively highly skilled jobs
-They pay relatively high wages (compared to other gig jobs).
- Workers have considerable autonomy

“Gig economy” companies like Uber,

which from the end of September loses

its licence to operate in London,

connect workers to customers via online

platforms.

Category

Example

"Gig economy" companies

Uber,

Will Shu, Deliveroo chief executive, has said he would like to

do more for couriers. “I’m the first to admit there are some

anxieties out there about this new way of working -

in particular, whether certain benefits and protections,

like sick pay or insurance, should be on offer,” he said

earlier this year.

Category

Example

benefits and protections,

sick pay

insurance

Generally, crowdwork tasks are relatively simple (some can be a few seconds to a few minutes long) and hence are paid very little. Our survey of over 900 Mechanical Turk workers found the average hourly wage to be between $1 and $2 (Dunn 2016). The platform also makes certain tasks available only to workers who meet specific criteria (identified by categories such as “master status” and number of jobs completed). Many of these criteria, such as “master status,” are shrouded in secrecy, with no
stated benchmarks or information on how to attain them.

Category

Example

categories

“master status”

stated benchmarks

information on how to attain them

number of jobs completed

Apart from this employment-based insurance, the unemployed

may be eligible for safety-net programs like food stamps and

health insurance through Medicaid; and they can go to food banks

and beg on the streets. Programs that in the past gave support to

the poor, such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children and

General Relief have been drastically scaled back since the 1980s.

Category

Example

safety-net programs

Programs that in the past gave support

food stamps

beg on the streets

health insurance through Medicaid

food banks

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

General Relief

While crowd workers typically valued the flexibility of crowd work, there were complaints about many aspects of work organisation and working conditions.
Particular sources of stress and grievance included difficulty in communicating with platform personnel, arbitrary terminations, perceptions that
platforms always take the side of clients against workers and
frequent changes to payment and other systems.
Interviews with crowd workers also revealed a range of
physical and psycho-social health hazards. Some of these were linked to
working long hours, including long and unpredictable waiting periods (for which they were not paid).

Category

Example

Particular sources of stress

frequent changes to payment and other systems

arbitrary terminations

difficulty in communicating

working long hours

platforms always take the side of clients

physical and psycho-social health hazards

long and unpredictable waiting periods

More vulnerable still are those hired without a place in an established workplace, a group that not only includes those running their own businesses, like musicians, jewellery makers, and caterers working out of their homes, but also many consultants, delivery workers, freelance researchers, writers, and editorial workers. Responsible for their own workplaces, working out of their bedrooms and neighbourhood Starbucks, they are denied the protection of OSHA or
other health and safety regulation. Not to mention such matters as
holiday pay, sick days, or disability or any other form of social insurance.

Category

Example

those hired without a place in an established workplace

consultants

jewellery makers

musicians

their bedrooms

caterers working out of their homes

neighbourhood Starbucks

their own workplaces

delivery workers

freelance researchers

writers

editorial workers

denied

protection of OSHA

holiday pay

sick days

disability

form of social insurance

other health and safety regulation