2022 revision 1

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• Biology
• Secondary Education

2022 Mid Year Exam Revision

Prepared by: Cikgu Ong

Absorption

F1-thin wall

E1-for rapid absorption of nutrients

F2-having microvilli on the epithelial lining

E2-increase the surface area for more absorption to occur

hepatic portal vein

lymphatic vessel

F-The concentration of glucose in vessel P is higher than in vessel Q

E1-Glucose has been used by liver cells (to carry out cellular respiration)

E2-excess glucose has been converted into glycogen (in the liver)

F1: the process is called deamination

E1: excess protein cannot be stored

E2: excess protein will produce excess amino acid

E3: (in the liver) excess amino acid is broken down

E4: into ammonia

E5: ammonia (which is toxic) is converted into urea

Vitamin A / D / E / k

Phagocytes / monocyte / neutrophyll

Lymphocytes

E1: phagocytes engulf the pathogen

E2: by phagocytosis

E3: hydrolytic enzyme / lysozyme digest / breakdown the pathogen

Antibody

Specific

Artificial active immunity

Artificial passive immunity

Vaccine

anti serum

F1: In X, after second injection, the concentration of antibody increase slowly and become higher than immunity level and is maintain for a long time

E1: lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibody

F2: In Y, after the second injection, the concentration of antibody reduces slowly to below the immunity level.

E2: Antibody is used to fight against pathogen / disease.

Artificial active immunity

Artificial passive immunity

To stimulate production of antibodies exceed immunity level

To increase the concentration of antibodies exceed immunity level

D1: In P, body produced its own antibody but in Q body receive ready-made antibodies from other sources

D2: P is permanent / long lasting, but Q is temporary / not long lasting.

D3: P give slow response, but Q give fast / immediate response.

Lymphocyte

E1: Lymphocytes / cell A identify / recognize the antigen

E2: and produce (specific) antibodies

E3: antibodies bind with antigen to form antigen-antibodies complex

E4: antibodies destroy the antigen/pathogen

Antibody

F1: Yes

E1: to stimulate the lymphocytes to produce antibodies

E2: to increase the concentration of antibodies produced exceed the immunity level

E3: enable the lymphocytes to have memories for the same type of pathogen / produce memory cells

E4: enable body to provide immediate response towards the pathogen

F2: no

N1: inaccurate preparation of vaccine

N2: cause death / diseases

N3: preparation of vaccine need high cost

N4: risks for children / babies with low / weak immunity

voluntary action

reflex action reject: involuntary action

both actions occur due to stimulus

The control centre of response in diagram (a) is cerebrum, the control centre of response in diagram (b) is the spinal cord.

Able to control response by will / conscious

to avoid injuries

E1: Weak muscles and shivering limbs (legs and arms)

E2: Unable to control body balanced and coordination

E3: weak brain and unable to function efficiently

Thyroxin hormone

Growth hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Oestrogen

E1: More ADH will increase the permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

E2: more water is reabsorbed into the blood capillary

E3: urine become less and more concentrated

E1: Hormone R is growth hormone Hormone R stimulate growth

E2: lack of hormone R cause stunted growth in Y

E3: Over secretion of hormone R causes gigantism in X

F: its secreted hormones which control the activities of other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones

E: FSH control the secretion of oestrogen in ovary

Thyroxine

ADH // FSH // LH

Goiter

Taking enough iodine in our diet / take seafood

E1: From 0 to 60 minutes, the blood glucose level increases more than the normal level

E2: (islet cells in) gland R is stimulated to secrete insulin

E3: insulin stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen (in the liver)

E4: this cause the glucose level to return to the normal level at the 90th minute

The blood osmotic pressure increases

E1: The osmoreceptor detects the increase in the osmotic blood pressure

E2: Gland P is stimulated to release more ADH

E3: ADH is transported by blood to the kidneys

E4: ADH increases the permeability of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts E5: more water is reabsorbed into blood capillaries

Dialysis machine

E1: During haemodialysis, patient’s blood is pumped out from the artery in the arm and flow into dialysis machine

E2: the blood flow through semipermeable tube in the machine

E3: blood has higher concentration of urea and salts

E4: urea and salts diffuse out through the semipermeable tube into dialysis fluid

E5: dialysis fluid contain lower concentration of urea and salts compare to the blood

E6: the blood is returned back in the body through vein in the same arm

E7: concentration of urea and salts in the blood // blood osmotic pressure back to normal range

Volume of urine is less and concentrated

E1: salted “sup tulang” caused the blood osmotic pressure increase

E2: more ADH secreted by pituitary gland

E3: wall of nephron in kidneys become more permeable to water

E4: more water reabsorb into the blood capillary by osmosis

F: reabsorption occur

E1: all glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into blood capillary

E2: at proximal convoluted tubules

Chromatid / chromosome

Centromere

Prophase 1

F: Crossing over

E: exchange of genetic material occur to form new genetic composition

Testis

mitosis

differentiation / growth

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LH/ Luteinising hormone

oestrogen

F: after ovulation, M / Graafian follicle release ovum and become corpus luteum

E1: Corpus luteum secrete hormone S

E2: the level of S / progesterone increases to maintain the thickness on the endometrium

E1: hormone S maintain the thickness of endometrium

E2: to allow attachment of foetus in uterus

E3: to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from pituitary gland

E4: prevent development of primary follicle / secondary oocyte

E1: the sperms are collected from the husband / taken from sperm banks

E2: and inserted directly into the fallopian tube of the wife during ovulation phase

Graafian follicle

Corpus luteum

F: by ovulation

E1: due to high concentration of LH

E2: Cause rupture of Graafian follicle

F: R secretes progesterone

E1: to thicken the endometrium

E1: for implantation of embryo in uterus

E1: placenta will take over the role of R

E2: by secreting progesterone

E3: to maintain the thickness of endometrium

E1: colostrum is rich with antibodies from mother

E2: provide temporary immunity to baby against infection

E3: give passive natural immunity

F: carry out in vitro fertilisation / IVF

E1: ovum from the wife and sperm from the husband are fertilised in the test tube containing culture solution

E2: then embryo is inserted into the wife’s uterus for implantation

ovulation

secondary oocyte / ovum

fallopian tube

Mitosis

E1: zygote undergoes series of mitosis

E2: to produce solid ball /morula

E3: the growing mass of hundreds of cells forms a hollow ball / blastocyst

E1: 2 ovum/eggs are fertilised by two different sperms

E2: these zygotes will implant in the endometrium

E3: each foetal have developed in their own placenta

E1: allows some substance / oxygen / nutrient / glucose / amino acid /lipid / vitamin/ antibodies/ to pass from mother to the foetus

E2: allows substances / carbon dioxide / nitrogenous waste materials / urea to pass from the foetus to the mother

E3: secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the thickness of uterine wall

E4: to prevent the action of maternal hormones other chemical in the mother’s blood that can harms the development of the foetus

E5: to protect the foetus from the high blood pressure of the maternal circulation that can cause the foetal capillaries burst

F1: P is FSH.

E1: P stimulate development of primary follicle.

F2: Q is estrogen.

E2: Q stimulate further growth of follicle / repair endometrium.

F3: R is LH.

E3: R stimulate ovulation.

F4: S is progesterone.

E4: S maintain thickness of endometrium.

F1: X is follicle development (day 6 to 14)

E1: Primary follicle in the ovary develop into secondary follicle which is stimulated by FSH

E2: primary oocyte (in the primary follicle) will develop and become secondary oocyte (in secondary follicle)

E3: development of follicle in the ovary stimulate the secretion of oestrogen

E4: oestrogen helps repair endometrium wall after menstruation

E5: oestrogen stimulate further growth of secondary follicle into Graafian follicle

F2: Y is ovulation (day 14)

E6: stimulate by high level of LH

E7: stimulate Graafian follicle to release secondary oocyte into fallopian tube

E8: After ovulation, Graafian follicle become corpus luteum

F3: Z is corpus luteum stage (day 15 to 28)

E9: Corpus luteum secrete progesterone continuously

E10: Progesterone stimulate formation of more endometrium tissues and blood capillaries

E11: to increase / maintains the thickness of endometrium wall for implantation of embryo

E12: if fertilisation does not occur, corpus luteum degenerate and level of progesterone decrease

E13: endometrium wall breakdown and excrete from the body as menstruation (during first day of menstrual cycle)

If fertilisation occurs, corpus luteum remain and continue to secrete progesterone that maintain the thickness of endometrium wall

progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH and LH by pituitary gland //prevents ovulation and development of another follicle during pregnancy