TTO wk 14 lesson 3

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Today's class

Anglia exam/ essay writing; sentence rewriting (somtoday)

Direct speech -> Indirect/Reported speech - U4 - ex. 1-5

Backshift -> introductory clause = past

No backshift -> introductory clause = present; scientific fact/general truth/certain verbs

Mind the change in pronouns/time 

• tomorrow -> the next day
• yesterday -> the other day/the day before
• here -> there
• this -> that
• now -> then

Requests

The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb.

Example: Say hello to your mum ->“She asked me to say hello to my mum.

Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.

Example: You must read that book.“-> He advised / urged me to read that book.

The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest.There are various possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.

Example: Let’s go to the cinema -> “He suggested going to the cinema. OR He suggested that we should go.to the cinema.

Tense of the Introductory Clause

The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense.

Example:

He said that … + BACKSHIFT

When the introductory clause is in the Present Tense,  the conversation is still going on

-> NO BACKSHIFT.

Example:

“I am fine.“ – Tom says / writes that he is fine.

    

No backshift

Group 2

 A SCIENTIFIC or WELL-KNOWN FACT / IT IS SAID ; general truth ->  no tense change.

‘The earth is warming up,’ warn scientists. -> Scientists warn that the earth is warming up.

No Backshift (own system)

Group 3

 no backshift in tense, instead these verbs use their own system.

 

- accuse + somebody + of + (not) + - ing
Mary accused Nick of eating her chocolate cookies.  

- admit + (to) + (not) + -ing
I admit to being guilty. 

- apologise + for + (not) + -ing
James apologised for being late. 

- deny + -ing
Kirsten denied hiding the files. 

 

- insist + on + (not) + -ing

The children insisted on staying up late. 

No Backshift (own system)

Group 3 - no backshift in tense, instead these verbs use their own system (continued)

 

promise + (not) to + infinitive
Mum promised to pick me up at four. 

refuse + to + infinitive

The MP has refused to comment on these rumours. 

Active sentence = say (that) -> People say (that) the album includes new songs.

Passive sentence = be said + to + infinitive -> The album is said to include new songs. 

suggest + (not) + -ing

Hugh suggested contacting their old friends via Facebook.

urge + somebody + (not) to + infinitive -> The police urged the crowd to stay calm. 

warn + somebody + (not) to + infinitive
His sister warned us not to expect him at the party.

Other exceptions

• Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker.

Example:

Canberra is the capital of Australia.“-> She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia.

• Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional/not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past.

Example: She left Boston on Monday.-> He said that she left / had left Boston on Monday.

• Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if.

Example:When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang. -> She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.

Example:If I had more time, I would learn French.“-> He said that if he had more time, he would learn French.

Changes pronouns/time

They said, "This is our book."→ They said that was their book.(i)

She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday."→ She said that she had gone to the cinema the day before.(i)

He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow."→ He said that he was writing a test the next day.(i)

You said, "I will do this for him."→ You said that you would do that for him.(i)

She said, "I am not hungry now."→ She said that she was not hungry then.(i)

Changes pronouns/time

They said, "We have never been here before."→ They said that they had never been there before.(i)

They said, "We were in London last week."→ They said that they had been in London the week before.(i)

He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow."→ He said that he would have finished that paper by the next day.(i)

She said, "It is very quiet here."→ She said that it was very quiet there.(i)