Chapter 5 Support and locomotion

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 1

Chapter 5 Support and locomotion

BS 1 The human skeleton

Bs 1 The human skeleton

- Head bones belong to skull

- Skull supported by backbone/spinal column

- ribcage

- pectoral girdle

-pelvis/pelvic girdle

-limbs

Bs 1 The human skeleton

How many bones are present in the human adult skeleton?

1. 206
2. 231
3. 309

Bs 2 The functions of the skeleton

- Stand upright

- Movement
- Protection

- Shape

Bs 2 The function of the skeleton

- Plantigrades (whole sole, humans)

- Digitigrades (toes, cats)

-Unguligrades or hoofed animals(tips of toes, horse)

To what type of walking animals does a cat belong?

1. Plantigrades
2. Digitigrades
3. Unguligrades

PLANTIGRADES

DIGITIGRADES

UNGULIGRADES

LION

BEAR

ZEBRA

BS 3 The structure of bones

Structure of bones

Your skeleton consist of two types of tissues to support your body:

- Cartilage tissue

- Bone tissue

Bs 3

- Bone 

Cells

Canals

Extracellular material

Collagen

Calcium phosphate

Bs 3

- Cartilage

Cells

Extracellular material

Babies vs elderly

Cartilage has more collagen than calcium phosphate. This makes cartilage ...

1. flexible
2. strong

What material is in a nose?

1. Cartilage
2. Bone

What makes bone strong?

1. collagen
2. calcium
3. cartilage

What material is in this bone?

1. Cartilage
2. Bone

Your ear is made of....

1. cartilage
2. spongy bone
3. compact bone
4. marrow

Bs 4 Joints

Types of joints

All the joints are fused together;

Sutures

Cartilaginous joint

Synovial joint

Bs 4 Joints

Types of synovial joints:
- ball and socket joint : kogelgewricht

- pivot joint: rolgewricht

- hinge joint: scharniergewricht

Bs 4 Joints

Ball and socket joint

Bs 4 Joints

Hinge joint

Bs 4 Joints

Pivot joint

How do we call joints that allow a lot of movement?

1. Synovial joints
2. Fibrous joints
3. Cartilaginous joints
4. Sutures

Where can you find cartilage tissue?

1. In joints
2. Between the ribs and the breastbone
3. In your nose
4. Answer A, B and C are all correct

The joints in your skull are called...

1. hinge joint
2. cartilaginous joint
3. pivot joint
4. sutures

Revision bs 3 + 4

Discuss with your neighbour the following questions:

What are the differences between cartilage and bone?

In which four ways can bones be connected?

Where in the skeleton can you find these connections?

Bs 5 Muscles

Muscular system
Tendons

Attachment site

https:

Bs 5 Muscles

Muscular system

Bs 5 Muscles

Biceps- arm flexor muscle
Triceps- arm extensor muscle

Antagonistic muscle pairs

Biceps-triceps

What do we mean with antagonistic muscle pair?

What are triceps en biceps

1. triceps: extensor muscle biceps: arm flexor muscle
2. triceps:arm flexor muscle biceps: extensor muscle

Bs 6 Posture and movement

Bs 6 Posture and movement

- Double-S shape

- Invertebral discs

What's the correct way to lift something?

1. Picture at the top
2. Picture at the bottom

What's the name of the shape of your back

Injuries

Bs 7 Injuries

Muscular pain

Muscular rupture

Bone fracture

Runner’s knee

Bruise/contusion(damage the tissue) kneuzing

Sprain (bruise to a joint) verzwikking

Dislocated bone

Inflammation 

How can you prevent injuries?

1. Do not do sports
2. Warm ups & cool downs
3. Practice sports a lot
4. Protective gear

In what type of injury the ligament is torn or stretched?

1. bruise
2. sprain
3. dislocation
4. torn/stretched

BS 8 Skeletons of various mammals

Different skeletons

A lot in common

Bs 9 Problems with the spinal cord

- Herniated or slipped disc

- gel like core

- hernia is not the same as lumbago (spit)