Lesson 2: Theories behind plate tectonics

• Aardrijkskunde
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 5

Ready to start

• Phone in your bag
  
• Notebook and pen on your desk
• Laptop in your bag (for later use) 

1. Startklaar

Bij de start van iedere les verwelkomt de docent de leerlingen bij de ingang van de deur, noemt leerlingen bij naam, maakt oogcontact en besteedt aandacht aan hun welbevinden. De docent geeft het goede voorbeeld en spreekt hoge verwachtingen uit voor het verloop van de les door succescriteria op gewenst gedrag, schooltaal en effectief leren te benoemen. De leerlingen zijn startklaar: ingelogd in LessonUp, telefoons opgeborgen in het Zakkie, en JdW-map op tafel.

5.1 Dynamic Earth: Risks from Below and Above

Learner Profile: Knowledgeable

ATL: Structure information & Make connections between sources

Related concepts: Processes

Key concept: time, place and space

Technology and innovation shape how societies respond to Earth’s processes across time, place, and space.

Global context: Scientific and technical innovation

Individuals & Societies

Today's program

• Planner 
• Review previous lesson
• learning objectives lesson 2 
• Jigsaw activity 
• Check Learning objectives

Periode 1

Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	Week 5	Week 6
			FA1

Week 7	Week 8	Week 9	Week 10	Week 11	Week 12
		FA2	Recap	Exams	Exams

Review previous lesson

• Can you answer the multiple choice quiz made by your classmates? 

key terms: Geofactors, Continental & Oceanic crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere,
Upper & lower Mantle, Inner & outer core, Convection currents, Seismic waves

https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6303415/al-een-jaar-recordtemperaturen-in-oceanen-tekenen-dat-opwarming-versnelt.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

Learning objectives

1. Explain two theories that provide evidence for the movement of tectonic plates

Key terms: Continental drift (Wegener), Paleomagnetism

How do you think we know that tectonic plates move? 

Jigsaw Activity

https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6303415/al-een-jaar-recordtemperaturen-in-oceanen-tekenen-dat-opwarming-versnelt.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

Jigsaw Activity step 1 

• In your group study the given sources in silence 
  until the teachers gives a sign that you can talk. 
   
• Discuss key points together.
  
  
• Prepare a simple explanation for your classmates
  including a sketch/model. 
  
  
• Make sure everyone of your group can 
  explain and sketch! 

https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6303415/al-een-jaar-recordtemperaturen-in-oceanen-tekenen-dat-opwarming-versnelt.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

Jigsaw Activity step 1 

Peerfeedback

• You'll be assigned a partner that has studied the same topic, 
  but has not worked with you yet.
  
  
• Practice your explanation and sketch/model with 
  your partner. Give each other feedback and improve
  your work where necessary 

https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6303415/al-een-jaar-recordtemperaturen-in-oceanen-tekenen-dat-opwarming-versnelt.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

Jigsaw Activity step 2

• Find a classmate that has studied the other theory
  
  
• Explain to each other your theory, use your sketch 
  
  
• Listen carefully and ask questions if you don't understand.
  We will discuss the two theories together afterwards. 

https://www.nu.nl/klimaat/6303415/al-een-jaar-recordtemperaturen-in-oceanen-tekenen-dat-opwarming-versnelt.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

Theories behind plate tectonics

Give a short explanation of: 

1. Continental Drift (by Wegener)
   
   
2. Paleomagnetism 

Notebook en pen ready?

Continental drift 

• Alfred Wegener 1880 – 1930
  
  
• German scientist:

climatologist, geologist, geophysicist, meteorologist, and polar researcher.

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Continental drift (by Wegener)

Evidence for continental drift according to Wegener:

• Flora & fauna: show similarities
• Rocks: connect to each other
• Climate: parts of different continents had the same cold climate (ice cap)

His conclusion:

- Africa and South America were once connected.

- There was once one supercontinent: Pangaea

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Continental drift (by Wegener)

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Continental drift 

Why did other scientist doubt his theory?

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Continental drift 

Why did other scientist doubt his theory?

• did not answer important questions of why tectonic plates moved. 

New scientific technologies have now proven that he was right! 

Global context: Scientific and technical innovation

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Paleomagnetism (or seafloor spreading)

• The study of the Earth's magnetic field as recorded in rocks, sediments, and other geological materials
  
  
• Emerged as a scientific field in the 1950s and 1960

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Paleomagnetism

Depth measurements found mountain ranges in the ocean

Mid-ocean ridge

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Paleomagnetism

• The Earth has a magnetic field due to its rotating iron core.
• Magnetic poles aren't always in the same place due to the Earth's rotation.
• Igneous rocks  (stollingsgesteenten) contain iron-bearing minerals.
• When these rocks solidify, the minerals align toward the magnetic north.
• This can be measured in rocks.

Paleomagnetism

• The measurements showed a patern on the seafloor
• This is proof of seafloor spreading 

Mid-ocean ridge

Divergent plate movement

age in millions of years

Oceanic crust is youngest at mid-ocean ridge.
New crust is formed at the ridge. 

Paleomagnetism

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Theories of plate tectonics

1. Continental drift (Wegener) 
2. Paleomagnetisme  (Seafloor spreading)

Both evidence that tectonic plates move.

The movement begins at mid-ocean ridges. 

Hoe hoge hoe kouder.

Hoe verder van de evenaar hoe kouder.

Check Learning objectives

1. Explain two theories that provide evidence for the movement of tectonic plates

Key terms: Continental drift (Wegener), Paleomagnetism

What three pieces of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory?

Explain in a maximum of 3 sentences how paleomagnetism explains why divergence occurs at the mid-ocean ridge.

Have a good day!