Y3 can, could, may, might, to be able to & to be allowed to + have to, must & should

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• mavo, havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Welcome!

Please have a seat, take out your materials and put your bag on the floor

Lesson plan

1. Grammar time!
2. Practise
3. DIY 

Storytime

• I came across this video and I thought it was quite funny
•                                                                Question: is it grammatically
                         correct?
•                                                             Can you think of any other
                                                                 reason why you would use
                                          the word "can"?
•                                                   --> To ask permisson

Can, could, may, might, to be able to & to be allowed to

• All of these are related to: “(zou) kunnen” or “(zou) mogen”
• How to use them in a sentence?

• Can + hele werkwoord
  
• Could + hele werkwoord
  
• May + hele werkwoord
  
• Might + hele werkwoord
  
• To be able to + hele werkwoord
  
• To be allowed to + hele werkwoord
• To be = am, is, are (present) or was, were (past)

The categories

• Before we get started, we need to know that there are three different categories:

1.  (Zou) kunnen
2. (Zou) mogen
3. Een beleefde vraag stellen

Zou kunnen

• To say something is possible we use: can, could,  may or might 
• It can become very hot in Africa (probable).
  
• It could become very hot tomorrow (possible).
  
• It may become hot, but only if the sun manages to come out
  (possible, though unlikely).
  
• It might become hot, but as it’s nearly winter, that’s unlikely
  (possible, though the odds that it ends up happening are low).
• When something is impossible, we use: can’t / cannot, couldn’t / could not, may not or might not.

Kunnen

• If we have the ability, the skill or the possibility to do something we use can, could or to be able to.
  
  
• Can is used in the present simple.
  
• Could is used in both the present simple and the past simple.
• To be able to can be used in all verb tenses.

• I can help you.
• I could be of assistance.
• Luckily, we could help them with their homework.
• Tim was able to get us tickets!
  
  
• If we don't have the ability, the skill or the possibility to do something, we use:
• can’t / cannot, couldn’t / could not or to be unable to.

(Zou) mogen

• To indicate whether we have permission to do something, we use
  can, could, may or to be allowed to.
  
  
• Mum says I can stay until midnight.
• Mum said I could stay until midnight.
• You may speak now.
• Were you allowed to stay over at Jeremy’s house?
• To say that you don't have permission, we use: 
• can’t / cannot, couldn’t / could not, may not of to be not allowed to.

Een beleefde vraag stellen

• To ask a (very) polite question, we use can, could, may or might
• Often in combination with the word "please"
• Can is the least polite, might is the most polite and formal.
  
  

1. Can I have some tea, please?
2. Could I have some tea, please?
3. May I have some tea, please?
4. Might I have some tea, please?

Complete the gaps with a form of can, could, may, might, to be able to or to be allowed to.

1. ___ you please pass me that book over there?
   
2. When he was young he ___ dance all night long.
   
3. ___ you speak Chinese?
   
4. You ___ at least come with us and meet our new neighbour, don't you think?
   
5. It ___ be possible for me to help you, but don’t get your hopes up.
   
6. She ___ drive but she takes the bus to go to work.
   
7. Nowadays, people ___ travel very easily all over Europe.
   
8. ___ you please let me know your answer by the end of the week?
   
9. I don't know yet, but I ___ come with you after all!
   
10. Children ___ bring their teddy bears to school.

KEY

1. Could you please pass me that book over there?
   
2. When he was young he could dance all night long.
   
3. Can you speak Chinese?
   
4. You could at least come with us and meet our new neighbour, don't you think?
   
5. It may be possible for me to help you, but don’t get your hopes up.
   
6. She can drive but she takes the bus to go to work.
   
7. Nowadays, people are able to travel very easily all over Europe.
   
8. Could you please let me know your answer by the end of the week?
   
9. I don't know yet, but I might come with you after all!
   
10. Children are allowed to bring their teddy bears to school.

Part 2!

Have to, must & should

What's the difference?

1. We have to be home by 11 P.M.
2. You must be 18 to drink alcohol in the Netherlands.
3. You should really find a summer job when you're old enough.

Form and function

• Have / has to + hele werkwoord
• Must + hele werkwoord
• Should + hele werkwoord

• We use them for different reasons:

1. Wanneer iets (niet) moet of noodzakelijk is.
2. Wanneer iets niet anders kan.
3. Om advies te geven of te zeggen dat (eigenlijk) zou moeten 

1. Wanneer iets (niet) moet of noodzakelijk is

• To say something is necessary or required we use:
   have / has to or must.
  
• The negative version is:
• don’t / doesn’t have to or must not / mustn’t
  
  
• For questions we use:
• Do / Does + subject + have to + hele ww
• Must + subject + hele ww

Have to, must and should

• What is the difference?
• Have to in informal, whereas must is more formal and mandatory.
• Must is usually used for laws, rules and orders --> really important things
  
  

1. You have to come. You are obliged to come (I require that you come)
2. You must come. You are obliged to come. (There's a rule requiring you to come)
3. You don’t have to worry about your exams, I’m sure you’ll do great. (This is my personal opinion)
4. Do I have to wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (What do you think?)
5. Must I wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (Is there a rule about ties?)
6. You musn't wear a tie. Am I not obliged to wear this tie? (There is rule stating no ties)

2. Wanneer iets niet anders kan

• If we want to express that something is either logical or simply can't be a different way/outcome
  
  

1. You must be exhausted after that long swim.
2. That dog must be really old, because its muzzle is grey.

3. Advies

• When we want to give advice or say something should really happen we use:
• should or shouldn’t/should not
  
  

1. We should ask Billy if he wants to come.
   
2. You should apply for the singing competition, you’ll do great!
   
3. You should drink more water.
   
4. They shouldn’t be talking this loudly in a movie theater, everyone is bothered by them.
   

Complete the gaps with a form of have to, must or should.

1. If you want to work in the USA you ___ speak good English.
   
2. You ___ give Jim a clock as a birthday present, he’ll love it.
   
3. You are ill. You ___ go to school today.
   
4. You ___ remember to feed the dog.
   
5. You ___ say anything stupid if you want to keep your job.

Complete the gaps with a form of have to, must or should.

1. If you want to work in the USA you have to speak good English.
   
2. You should give Jim a clock as a birthday present, he’ll love it.
   
3. You are ill. You shouldn’t go to school today.
   
4. You should remember to feed the dog.
   
5. You mustn’t say anything stupid if you want to keep your job.