Unit 4 - BS 5.7 Pregnancy and childbirth

4.6 pregnancy and childbirth
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Slide 1: Tekstslide
BiologieMiddelbare schoolvwoLeerjaar 2

In deze les zitten 28 slides, met interactieve quizzen, tekstslides en 2 videos.

time-iconLesduur is: 50 min

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4.6 pregnancy and childbirth

Slide 1 - Tekstslide

learning objectives
  • What is ovulation?
  • What is fertilisation?
  • What is implantation?
  • You can state the parts/function of the uterus, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac
  • You can describe the birth of a child 

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy is the period of development from embryo to birth. 
  • Pregnancy takes place in the female reproductive system
Zygote = fertilized egg

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

When?
7 days after fertilization there is the implantation of the embryo in the uterus lining. The next 9 months the embryo will develop into a baby.

Fertilization happens when a sperm cell meets an egg
implantation

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

zygote -> morula-> blastocyst -> embryo

Slide 5 - Tekstslide

The first phase: embryo
  • When an embryo reaches the uterus, it implants itself into the uterus lining.
  • The uterus lining develops into a placenta, which is able to provide the nutrients and oxygen through the umbilical cord to the embryo. Through the umbilical cord the embryo get rid of waste. 
So the umbilical cord is the connection between the mother and the child. Different substances can pass from mother to child through the umbilical cord, like alcohol, drugs and even some virusses.

Slide 6 - Tekstslide

Membranes
During the 3th week of pregnancy two thin membranes start to grow around the embryo.

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

Membranes
Together these membranes form the amniotic sac. The amniotic sac is filled with amniotic fluid.

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

Membranes
In the amniotic fluid the embryo floats.

Slide 9 - Tekstslide

placenta

Slide 10 - Tekstslide

The third phase: foetus
  • After 2 months is the embryo is called a foetus. 
  • The next 7 months the foetus will develop further into a fully grown baby.
So the umbilical cord is the connection between the mother and the child. Different substances can pass from mother to child through the umbilical cord, like alcohol, drugs and even some virusses.

Slide 11 - Tekstslide

Slide 12 - Video

To who does the placenta belong? The mother or the baby?

Slide 13 - Open vraag

Explain how the placenta helps in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the baby

Slide 14 - Open vraag

What comes out during childbirth?

Slide 15 - Open vraag

Childbirth
  • Birth of the baby
  • Birth of the placenta (this includes the membranes     that held the baby, placenta and the water during the pregnancy).

Actual picture coming up on the next slide, be prepared ;)


Membranes = vliezen. We also call this the amniotic sac. This surrounds the foetus and placenta inside of the uterus. Think of it like a big balloon keeping all the water in.

Slide 16 - Tekstslide

Childbirth
  • Birth of the baby
  • Birth of the placenta (this includes the membranes     that held the baby, placenta and the water during the pregnancy).




Membranes = vliezen, these surround the foetus and placenta inside of the uterus. Think of them like a big balloon.

Slide 17 - Tekstslide

Childbirth
Childbirth itself can be divided in 
several stages. During these,
the mother will go through 
different amounts of pain. This
starts slowly, but builds up during
the whole birth. Women are allowed
to take pain medication for this!

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

Slide 19 - Video

Stage 1: dilation
  • This can take a long time (sometimes more than 24 hours!)
  • The contractions (which are just muscle cramps of the uterus) slowly start, and increase in strenght slowly. Later on they will also increase in frequency, happening more often.
  • The cervix and vagina will widen, slowly making space for the baby 
In Dutch, we call this process 'ontsluiting'

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

Stage 2: expulsion
  • When the dilation phase has widened the cervix far enough, the contractions will get very powerful and rapid.
  • This is a sign for the mother to start pushing, and the baby will come out quickly.
  • This stage does not take very long, as soon as the head comes out the rest follows fast.

Slide 21 - Tekstslide

Stage 3: afterbirth
  • A little while (minutes) after the expulsion phase, the placenta will be 'born'. We call this the afterbirth.
  • Again, contractions come with this. These are not as bad as the contractions of the baby's birth, of course.

Slide 22 - Tekstslide

And then..?
  • When the baby is born, the umbilical cord is cut. This is because now the baby can breathe and eat/drink, so it doesn't need the nutrients via the placenta anymore.
  • The end of the umbilical cord will slowly deteriorate and fall off eventually. This then forms the belly button as we know it.
  • Fun fact: the differences in belly buttons that we have depend on the person who folds it after birth!

Slide 23 - Tekstslide

And then..?
  • The uterus wil quickly shrink back to its normal size (no bigger than a hand)
  • However, the belly muscles and skin will take some more time.
  • Due to this, the mother often looks a bit pregnant for a few more weeks.

Slide 24 - Tekstslide

Difficult births
  • Normally, the baby is positioned with its head first.
  • However, sometimes the baby is on the wrong side (butt first, feet first, or even completely turned to the side).

Slide 25 - Tekstslide

Difficult births
  • Normally, the baby is positioned with its head first.
  • However, sometimes the baby is on the wrong side (butt first, feet first, or even completely turned to the side).
  • Another problem that can occur is that the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's throat, legs or arms
  • This could cut off oxygen supply, which is dangerous.

Slide 26 - Tekstslide

How to solve that?
  • A caesarian section is the way to solve that (keizersnede)
  • This involves an operation where the surgeon opens up the uterus and takes the baby out.

Slide 27 - Tekstslide

What have we learned?
  1. What the uterus lining of a pregnant woman looks like. 
  2. What pregnancy is and how a foetus develops in the uterus.
  3. How the placenta belongs to the mother and the umbilical cord belongs to the baby.
  4. The different phases of childbirth (contractions, dilation, delivery)
  5. What is born along with the baby - umbilical cord, amniotic sac and placenta

Slide 28 - Tekstslide