Structure and function of the muscular system

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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A&PHigher Education (non-degree)

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Slide 1 - Tekstslide

What are you going to learn?
In this lesson you're going to learn to . . .
1
2
3
Describe characteristics of types of muscle tissue
Locate and describe action of the major anterior and posterior skeletal muscles
Identify and locate muscle attachment and insertion points. 
Describe the role of muscles during movement
4
6
5
Explain different types of muscle contraction
Explain the principle of muscle contraction

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
In the muscular system, muscle tissue is categorised into three distinct types: 

1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth. 
Each type of muscle tissue in the human body has a unique structure and a specific role. Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures. Cardiac muscle contracts the heart to pump blood. The smooth muscle tissue that forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes shape to facilitate bodily functions. 

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. 
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system. 
Cardiac muscle is found only in the myocardium of the heart, it contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat. 
Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons.
Smooth muscle tissue allows for contraction and relaxation with great elasticity. In the urinary bladder they allow those organs to expand and relax. In the digestive tract they facilitate swallowed food and nutrients. In artery walls they relax and contract to move blood through the body.
Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes. Like skeletal muscle cells cardiocytes have a striated appearance, but their overall structure is shorter and thicker. 

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

Match up the descriptions to the muscle tissue types
Contract by shortening in length
Located in the walls of the myocardium
Striated in appearance 
Voluntary - under conscious control
Involuntary - under unconscious control
Contract with peristaltic (wave) action 
Located in skeletal muscles
 Located in the walls of  organs and digestive system
Involuntary - under unconscious control
Appear spindle-shaped 

Slide 5 - Sleepvraag

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 
Learning the muscular system often involves memorising details about each muscle, like where a muscle attaches to bones and how a muscle helps move a joint. 

A skeletal muscle attaches to bone (or sometimes other muscles or tissues) at two or more places. 

Origin
If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an action, the attachment is called an origin. 

Insertion
If the place is on the bone that moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion. 

Slide 6 - Tekstslide

MUSCLE ACTION 
The muscles surrounding synovial joints are responsible for moving the body in space. These muscle actions are often paired, like flexion and extension or abduction and adduction. Below the common terms are listed and defined. 










Flexion and Extension
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones (bending).

Extension: increasing the angle between two bones (straightening a bend).

Example: At the elbow joint
The triceps brachii muscle extend the elbow. The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis flex the elbow.
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: moving away from the body’s midline.

Adduction: moving toward the body’s midline.

Example: At the hip joint
The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and sartorius are muscles that abduct the hip. The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis adduct the hip.
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion: bringing your foot upward toward your shin.

Plantar flexion: depressing your foot down. 

Example: at the ankle joint
The tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the ankle joint. Whereas the gastrocnemius plantarflexes the ankle joint. 

Elevation and Depression
Elevation: moving a body part up.

Depression: moving a body part down.

Example: at the shoulder girdle
The upper traperzius, rhomboids and levator scapula are muscles that elevate the shoulder girdle. Whereas the lower traperzius and pectorial minor depress the shoulder girdle.
Eversion and Inversion
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.

Example: at the ankle joint
The tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior are muscles that invert the ankle joint. Whereas the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius evert the ankle joint.
Protraction and Retraction
Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down.
Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up.

Example: at the shoulder girdle
The mid / lower traperzius and rhomboids are muscles that retract the shoulder girdle. Whereas the pectorialis minor and serratus anterior protract the shoulder girdle.
Pronation and Supination
Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down.

Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up.

Example: at the elbow joint
The pronator teres and pronator quadratus pronate the forearm. Whereas the biceps brachii and brachioradialis supinate the forearm. 

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE 
Rhomboids
Origin- C7-T5

Insertion- Medial border of the scapula

Primary action/s- Elevation and retraction of shoulder girdle. 
Trapezius
Origin- Base of cranium and cervical and thoracic vertebrae 

Insertion- Clavicle and scapula 

Primary action/s- Elevation, depression and retraction of shoulder girdle. 
Pectoralis Minor
Origin- 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs

Insertion- Coracoid process (anterior scapula)

Primary action/s- Depression and protraction of shoulder girdle.
Serratus Anterior
Origin- Upper 8/9 ribs

Insertion- Medial border of scapula

Primary action/s- IProtraction of shoulder girdle.
Levator Scapula
Origin- C1-C4

Insertion- Superior angle of scapula

Primary action/s- Elevation of shoulder girdle and lateral flexion of neck. 

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin- T6-T12, L1-L5, iliac crest and lower 3 ribs. 

Insertion- Anterior surface of humerus

Primary action/s- Extension, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder.
Pectoralis Major
Origin- Clavicle, sternum and 1st to 6th ribs

Insertion- Anterior humerus

Primary action/s- Adduction, horizontal flexion and medial rotation shoulder joint.
Deltoids
Origin- Scapula and clavicle

Insertion- Lateral humerus

Primary action/s- Flexion and extension, horizontal flexion and extension, lateral and medial rotation, abduction of shoulder joint. 
Teres Major
Origin-Inferior angle of scapula

Insertion- Superior anterior humerus

Primary action/s- Extension, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint.

Slide 9 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE ROTATOR CUFF   
Supraspinatus
Origin- Superior surface of scapula

Insertion- Superior humerus

Primary action/s- Initiates abduction of shoulder joint.
Infraspinatus
Origin- Posterior surface of scapula

Insertion- Superior posterior humerus

Primary action/s- Adduction and lateral rotation of shoulder joint.
Subscapularis
Origin- Anterior surface of scapula

Insertion- Superior  anterior humerus

Primary action/s- Medial rotation of shoulder joint.
Teres Minor
Origin- Lateral border of scapula

Insertion- Superior posterior humerus

Primary action/s- Medial rotation of shoulder joint.

Slide 10 - Tekstslide

UPPER LIMB SKELETAL MUSCLES   
Wrist Extensors
Origin- Lateral humerus

Insertion- Back of hand

Primary action/s- Extension of wrist.
Coracobrachialis
Origin- Superior scapula

Insertion- Medial humerus 

Primary action/s- Flexion and adduction of humerus. 
Brachialis
Origin- Mid humerus 

Insertion- Superior ulna 

Primary action/s- Flexion of forearm. 
Brachioradialis
Origin- Distal humerus

Insertion- Distal radius

Primary action/s- Flexion and supination of forearm. 
Wrist Flexors
Origin- Medial humerus

Insertion- Palm of hand

Primary action/s- Flexion of wrist.
Triceps Brachii
Origin- Long head: superior scapula, Lateral head: lateral posterior humerus, Medial head: Posterior humerus

Insertion- Superior ulna (olecranion)

Primary action/s- Extension of shoulder and elbow joint. 
Bicep Brachii
Origin- Long head: superior scapula, Short head: anterior scapula

Insertion- Radius 

Primary action/s- Flexion of shoulder and elbow joint, supination of forearm. 

Slide 11 - Tekstslide

TRUNK SKELETAL MUSCLES   
External Obliques
Origin- Lower 8 ribs

Insertion- Iliac crest and linea alba

Primary action/s- Rotation and lateral flexion of spine. 
Internal Obliques
Origin- Iliac crest and lumbar fascia

Insertion- 8-10th ribs and linea alba

Primary action/s- Rotation and lateral flexion of spine. 
Rectus Abdominis
Origin- Pubic symphysis, pubic crest

Insertion- Xiphoid process and 5th-7th ribs

Primary action/s-  Flexion of spine. 
Quadratus Lumborum
Origin- Iliac crest

Insertion- 12th rib and L1-L4

Primary action/s- Lateral flexion of spine, bilaterially extends the spine. 
Erector Spinae
Origin- Along the length of the vertebral cloumn, ribs and pelvis

Insertion- Vertebral column and ribs

Primary action/s- Extension of the spine.
Transversus Abdominis
Origin- Iliac crest, lower 6 ribs and lumbar fascia

Insertion- Linea alba and pubis

Primary action/s- Drawing abdomen inwards.

Slide 12 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND HIP
Gluteus Medius
Origin- Lateral and posterior ilium

Insertion- Posterior and lateral surface of upper femur

Primary action/s- Abduction and medial rotation of hip. 
Tensor Fascia Latae
Origin- Anterior iliac crest

Insertion- Lateral tibia via iliotibal band (ITB)

Primary action/s- Flexion and abduction of hip. Medial rotation as hip flexes. 
Iliopsoas
Origin- Lumbar spine and pelvis 

Insertion- Less trochnater of femur 

Primary action/s- Flexion of hip and spine. 
Gluteus Minimus
Origin- Lateral ilium

Insertion- Anterior surface of upper femur

Primary action/s- Abduction and medial rotation of hip. 
Piriformis
Origin- Anterior sacrum

Insertion- Upper surface of upper femur

Primary action/s- Abduction and medial rotation of hip. 
Gluteus Maximas
Origin- Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx

Insertion- Upper posterior femur and ITB

Primary action/s- Extension and lateral rotation of the hip.

Slide 13 - Tekstslide

LOWER LIMB SKELETAL MUSCLES   
Adductor Longus
Origin- Anterior pubis

Insertion- Medial femur

Primary action/s- Adduction of hip.
Adductor Magnus
Origin- Anterior pubis

Insertion- Medial femur

Primary action/s- Adduction of hip.
Gracilis
Origin- Ischiopubic ramus 

Insertion- Medial tibia

Primary action/s- Adduction of hip and flexion of knee. 
Sartorius
Origin- Anterior Superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Insertion- Medial condyle of tibia

Primary action/s- Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of hip. Flexion and medial rotation of knee. 
Pectineus
Origin- Anterior pubis 

Insertion- Upper femur

Primary action/s- Adduction and flexion of the hip. 
Adductor Brevis
Origin- Anterior pubis

Insertion- Medial femur

Primary action/s- Adduction of hip.

Slide 14 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LEG
Vastus Medialis
Origin- Medial femur

Insertion- Tibial tuberosity via patella

Primary action/s- Extension of knee (especially last 20 degrees of movement)
Vastus Intermedius
Origin- Anterior femur

Insertion- Tibial tuberosity via patella

Primary action/s- Extension of knee.
Vastus Lateralis
Origin- Lateral upper femur 

Insertion- Tibial tuberosity via patella

Primary action/s-  Extension of knee.
Rectus Femoris
Origin- Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

Insertion- Tibial tuberosity via patella 

Primary action/s- Flexion of hip and extension of knee

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LEG
Biceps Femoris
Origin- Ischial tuberosity and posterior femur

Insertion- Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Primary action/s- Extension of hip and flexion of knee.
Semimembranosus
Origin- Ischial tuberosity 

Insertion-  Medial condyle of tibia

Primary action/s- Extension of hip and flexion of knee.
Semitendinosus
Origin- Ischial tuberosity

Insertion- Medial condyle of tibia

Primary action/s- Extension of hip and flexion of knee.

Slide 16 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
Plantaris
Origin- Lateral upper femur

Insertion- Calcaneus 

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion of ankle. 
Gastrocnemius
Origin- Posterior medial / Lateral upper femur

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Flexion of knee and Plantarflexion of ankle. 
Tibialis Anterior
Origin- Lateral tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Tibialis Posterior
Origin- Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Popliteus
Origin- Lateral upper femur 

Insertion- Posterior upper tibia

Primary action/s- Flexion and medial rotation of the knee
Soleus
Origin- Upper posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion of ankle. 

Slide 17 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG  
Peroneus Brevis
Origin- Lower lateral surface of fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Eversion of ankle. 
Peroneus Longus
Origin- Upper lateral surface of fibula
 
Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Eversion of ankle. 
Peroneus Tertius
Origin- Lower anterior surface of fibula

Insertion- Dorsal surface of foot

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Eversion of ankle. 

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG  
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Lateral upper tibia and anterior fibula

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Eversion of ankle. Extension of the 4 outer toes. 
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Anterior surface of the fibula 

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. Extension of the 1st (big) toe. 
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Posterior surface of the tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 4 outer toes. 
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Lower fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 1st (big) toe. 

Slide 19 - Tekstslide

ROLE OF MUSCLES DURING MOVEMENT  
While many muscles may be involved in any given action, muscle function terminology allows you to quickly understand the various roles different muscles play in each movement.




Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the movement changes direction.

Prime movers / agonist
The prime mover, sometimes called the agonist, is the muscle that provides the primary force driving the action. 
Antagonist
An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement. 
Fixator / Stabilisers
Stabilisers act to keep bones immobile when needed. Your back muscles, for example, are stabilizers when they are keeping your posture sturdy.


Synergists.
One or more synergists are often involved in an action. Synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover in its role.

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

Match up the muscle actions to the movement 
Knee flexion
Hip flexion
Knee extension 
Shoulder abduction
Press up - upward phase
Hip extension
Elbow flexion 
Glute Bridge - upward phase
Agonist- Bicep 
femoris 
Antagonist- Rectus femoris  
Antagonist- Bicep femoris  
Agonist- Rectus femoris 
Agonist- Iliopsoas 
Antagonist- Gluteus maximus
Agonist- Gluteus maximus 
Antagonist- Iliopsoas
Agonist- Deltoids 
Antagonist- 
Latissimus dorsi
Agonist- Biceps brachii
Antagonist- Triceps brachii
Antagonist- 
Rhomboids
Agonist- Pectoralis major
Agonist- Gluteus maximus 
Antagonist- Iliopsoas

Slide 21 - Sleepvraag


The synergist muscle during hip extension?
A
Rectus femoris
B
Bicep femoris
C
Tibialis anterior
D
Adductor longus

Slide 22 - Quizvraag


The stabiliser muscle during a squat?
A
Rectus femoris
B
Supraspinatus
C
Erector spinae
D
Latissimus dorsi

Slide 23 - Quizvraag


The synergist muscle during a press up?
A
Pectoralis major
B
Infraspinatus
C
Transverse abdominis
D
Triceps brachii

Slide 24 - Quizvraag


The stabiliser muscle of the shoulder joint?
A
Teres minor
B
Gluteus maximus
C
Transverse abdominis
D
Tensor fascia latae

Slide 25 - Quizvraag

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION 
There are three types of muscle contraction. 

1) Concentric contraction - The muscle shortens whilst it contracts 

2) Eccentric contraction - The muscle shortens whilst it contracts and usual involves the control or deceleration of movement. 

3) Isometric contraction -  Where there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle.  

Slide 26 - Tekstslide

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION 
An example of muscle contraction types can be provided with a press up exercise. 

Once in an initial start position (bottom left) this provides an isometric contraction as muscles are neither shortening or lengtening.  An eccentric contraction is then provided when lowering towards the ground in the bottom position. Followed by a concentric contraction when pushing up from the ground returning to the start position. 

Slide 27 - Tekstslide

Match the description to the type of muscle contraction
Isometric
Concentric 
Eccentric 
Press up- downward phase
Biceps- elbow extension 
Biceps- elbow flexion
Deltoid- shoulder abduction 
Press up- bottom position 
Pull up - lowering phase
Iliopsoas- hip flexion 
Hamstrings - knee flexion
Quadricieps - knee extension
Triceps- elbow flexion
Hamstrings - knee extension
Pull up - upward phase
Abdominals - Plank 
Squat- Bottom position
Gripping a dumbbell

Slide 28 - Sleepvraag

STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 
1.
Muscles are bound together by different fascia made of dense irregular connective tissue. This is composed mainly of collagen fibres that run in many different directions. 
2.
The fascia of the muscle eventually converge to become the tendon which will attach to the bone. The tendon is made of dense regular connective tissue. The collagen fibres in the tendon run in one direction to create a strong connection for the muscle in the direction of pull. 
5.
A bundle of fibres is referred to as the fascicle
4.
Many fibres are bundled together and wrapped in the perimysium. Around the fascicles. 
3.
The outer covering of the muscle is called the epimysium.
6.
A sheath of endomysium surrounds each muscle fibre cell. The endomysium is continuous with the muscle fibre's membrane, or sarcolemma
8.
Myofibrils are divided along their length into repeating units called sarcomeres.
7.
Muscle fibres (cells) are the approximate width of a human hair and often run the full length of a muscle. They are composed of smaller elements known as myofibrils. 
9.
Sarcomeres are packed with two different types of protein filaments (myofilaments); thin actin and thick myosin. The myosin and actin filaments are strictly arranged inside the sarcomere to overlap each other. 

Slide 29 - Tekstslide

Put in order the structure of a skeletal muscle 
Tendon
Bone 
Muscle Fibre
Deep fascia 
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium 
Fascicle 
Myofilament
Myofibril

Slide 30 - Sleepvraag

STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 
2.
Actin filaments look like two pearl necklaces, wound around each other.
1.
Sarcomeres are packed with two different types of protein filaments (myofilaments); thin actin and thick myosin.
3.
Myosin filaments are composed of collections of strands, each of which looks like a double-headed golf club. The myosin filaments form together, making the heads of the clubs protrude out of the surface of the filament.
4.
It is these myosin heads that make contact with the actin during muscle contraction. The myosin and actin filaments are strictly arranged inside the sarcomere to overlap each other. 

Slide 31 - Tekstslide

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
Terminology 



Sarcomere
The functional unit of the myofibril
Actin
A thin contractile protein filament containing 'active' or'binding' sites
Myosin
A thick contractile protein filament, with protrusions known as myosin heads
Tropomyosin
An actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction
Troponin
A complex of proteins, attached tropomyosin
Sacroplasmic reticulum
A type of endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle fibres, whose function is to store and telease calcium ions 
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
A chemical compound stored/produced in the body which breaks down to release energy for actions such as muscle contraction 
Sliding filament theory
The process used by muscles to contract
 
A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, which causes the release of calcium (Ca+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
Calcium binds to troponin >tropomyosin which then allows myosin filaments to bind to the actin (cross-bridge).
The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enables the myosin to pull the actin filaments inwards, shortening the muscle. This occurs along the entire length of every myofibril in the muscle cell.
Myosin then detaches from the actin (cross-bridge is broken)
This process can last for as long as there are adequate ATP and Ca+ stores
Once the impulse stops the Ca+ is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the actin returns to its resting position causing the muscle to lengthen and relax.
 

Slide 32 - Tekstslide

Fill in the missing blanks
When stimulated by a nerve message, the      myosin             heads attach to the actin molecules, forming what is known as a cross-bridge, they then pivot and bend, pulling the            actin           filaments over the myosin filament towards the centre of the sarcomere. The myosin heads then        detach           from the actin, relax back to their original       positions        and prepare to attach to the actin again, further down the molecule. The myosin walks along the actin,      progressively pulling each filament towards the middle of the      sarcomere     . In this way, the muscle                shortens without any change in the overall length of the myosin or actin filaments. At any one instant some of the myosin heads are  attached             to actin generating          force, whereas others are detached ready to bind again. This is called a contraction cycle and referred to as the 'sliding                  filament theory' 

Sacromere
actin
Myosin
detach
progressively
positions
muscle
attached
generating
sliding

Slide 33 - Sleepvraag

Fill in the missing blanks
Calcium                is very important to the process of muscle contraction. It assists in connecting the myosin head to the actin                     by revealing a binding site on the actin filament. Once the binding site is revealed, the myosin                 can form a cross-bridge       attachment. A single adenosine           triphosphate (ATP) molecule is used up every time a myosin head pivots and pulls on an actin filament               . For the contraction cycle to occur, muscles               need a continual supply of calcium and energy in the form of ATP. Fortunately, muscle cells carry their own store                     of calcium, and this is                                  being replenished from blood, which in turn will replace its reservoir from the bone (if dietary intake is inadequate). ATP needs to be                                 in the muscle by the energy systems. 
adenosine
cross-bridge
Calcium
actin
fliament
myosin
muscles
re-synthesised
store
continuously 

Slide 34 - Sleepvraag

What you have learnt
Following this lesson you should now be able to . . .
1
2
3
Describe characteristics of types of muscle tissue
Locate and describe action of the major anterior and posterior skeletal muscles
Identify and locate muscle attachment and insertion points. 
Describe the role of muscles during movement
4
6
5
Explain different types of muscle contraction
Explain the principle of muscle contraction

Slide 35 - Tekstslide

Well done! Great job, you have now completed this lesson. 
Next up...The structure and function of the nervous system. 

Slide 36 - Tekstslide