Lesson 3: The French Revolution + Napoleon

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Lesson Goal

At the end of this lesson:

• You can explain the course of the French Revolution
• You can explain what Napoleon meant to France/ Europe
• You explain what changes made in the revolution he reversed

France in trouble...

- Empty treasury

- Famine

- first and second estate still living in luxury...

- no trust in King Louis XVI

France goes bankrupt

may 1789

• King Louis XVI inherits massive debts from his predecessors.

• King Louis calls for the Estates- General to ask the estates for more money!

• 300 clergy, 300 nobles and 600 from the third estate gathered, but each estate only had one vote....

First Estate

Clergy 

130.000 - 1 vote

2nd Estate

Nobility 

350.000 - 1 vote

3rd Estate 

Citizens 

25.500.000 - 1 vote

When announced the king wanted to uphold the tradition of having each estate meet separately and hold the vote by estate instead of 'by head' the third estate decided to pay no attention to the other estates.

Eed op de kaatsbaan

1789

De 3e stand begint zijn eigen vergadering: de Nationale Vergadering.

Een deel van de 1e en 2e stand sluit zich hierbij aan.

Op een kaatsbaan spreken ze af pas uit elkaar te gaan als 

er een nieuwe grondwet is.

• The third estate declared themselves a National Assembly. A few clergymen and nobles joined their side.
• Took an oath as true representatives of the people to not leave untill there was a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

July 14th 1789

• The king sends the army to Paris to break up groups of people. 
• The French people storm the Bastille, a prison AND gunpowder store. 
• They had already captured the weapons.
• The French Revolution has begun...and spreads to other parts of the country!

Decleration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

august 1789

• This document makes it clear that every human being is born free and with equal rights, based on the ideas of enlightenment. Also with freedom of speech and religion
• 4th of August they abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy.
• in 1791 a new constitution was written. The king lost almost all of his power.

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press

In the ancien regime, criticism of the monarch/ nobility was forbidden and seen as treason.

During the French Revolution, there were a lot of revolutionary newspapers spreading the message of the revolution. So freedom of the press and freedom of speech was very important to them!

Louis is beheaded, January 1793

• The king is sentenced to death and publicly executed in Paris.
• In October Marie Antoinette was also beheaded.

Effects French Revolution: 

Ending of the Ancien Régime: The feudal system was abolished together with the society of estates. The third estate also got a say in govenment.

Rise of democracy: ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity. This led to the development of constitutional monarchies and the establishment of republics.

Coup d'etat by Napoleon

November 1799

• General Napoleon Bonaparte has saved the French Republic before: in 1795, when supporters of the late king wanted to seize power.
• He was done with the weak Directoire and deposed them. 
• Napoleon appoints himself consul. Just as the Romans once did.

Napoleon becomes dictator

1799-1804

• Although the French Revolution gave him the chance to rise higher, Napoleon does not have much use for the ideals of the Revolution.
  

• He eliminates opponents and slowly becomes dictator of France.
  

• The people, because of his victories, have full confidence in Napoleon.

• Born on the island of Corsica on 15th of August 1769
• He was from the third estate (his father was a lawyer)
• The family was not rich, but Napoleon was still able to study
• He went to military school at 15

Napoleon crowns himself

1804

• With Napoleon now the absolute boss in large parts of Europe, he crowned himself emperor.
• After 15 years of revolution, France seems back to square one: one man is in charge again.

Exile to Elba

1814

• Napoleon is deposed and exiled to the island of Elba in 1814, but he manages to escape and reach Paris.
• The French cheer him as he rides past: Napoleon becomes emperor again

Battle of Waterloo

1815

• Napoleon is emperor for another 100 days, then he is defeated by England, Prussia and the Netherlands, among others, at the Battle of Waterloo (B).
• Napoleon is exiled again. Now for good.
• He will spend the rest of his life on St Helena (Atlantic Ocean)

Napoleon dies

1821

• Napoleon died of stomach cancer on 5 May 1821 at the age of 51. 

His body was taken to Paris, where his mausoleum can still be found today.

• In the Netherlands, an Orange is then in power again: King William I

What remained of the French revolution?

• constitution which limited the power of the king
• European countries that had been occupied by France adopted new constitutions that limited the power of their rulers.
• All religions were equal
• Government was much more efficient thanks to practical measures of Napoleon.

But...

• Rulers still tried to regain power, discrimination against groups of people continued.  

Age of Citizens and steam engines (1800-1900)

(confessionals, conservatives, socialists and feminists)

Learning goals

1. You can describe which schools of thought turned against the influence of the enlightenment.

2. You can describe how Catholics and Protestants (confessionals) stood up for their interests.

3. You can describe how socialists stood up for their interests

4. You can describe how women stood up for their interests

Groups

Liberals: thought freedom was important

Conservatives: did not want to change anything

Confessionals: wanted to start from faith

Socialists: stood up for workers

We go back to the period around 1900 ...

The Conservatives

Conservatism

For a long time, the conservatives were the main opponents of the liberals and socialists. They wanted nothing to change and defended the king, nobility and church.

De confessionalism

Governing by faith

VA lot of religious people did not like the ideas of liberals and socialists. These were the denominationalists. They thought you should run the country from faith (confession).

First political party

To achieve more, Protestant leader Abraham Kuyper founded the Netherlands' first political party (ARP) in 1879

Special schools

The group of confessionals consisted of Catholics and Protestants. They were happy with the freedom of education and were therefore able to set up their own special schools.

Pacificatie van 1917

In 1917 kwam er een nieuwe Grondwet. Hierdoor werd de schoolstrijd definitief beëindigd. De overheid betaalde ook voor de katholieke en protestante scholen.

The School Battle

But special schools did not get funding from the government. The denominations spent years trying to get this done. By 1917, the school battle was finally over.

Pacificatie van 1917

In 1917 werd ook algemeen mannenkiesrecht ingevoerd (een wens van de socialisten). 

pillarisation

• Abraham Kuyper laid the foundations for pillarisation

• Everything separated by religious or political beliefs.

• Protestant column, Catholic column, liberal column and socialist column.

De feministen

Emancipatie

Vrouwen hadden in de 19e eeuw eigenlijk nog niets te vertellen en dus minder rechten dan mannen. Vanaf 1870 kwamen de vrouwen in verzet. Zij eisten gelijke rechten (emancipatie).

                                 <--

                                  Meisjes op de 

                                Hogere Burgerschool (1893)

Vrouwenkiesrecht

Feministen van de Eerste Feministische Golf zetten zich vooral in voor vrouwenkiesrecht, zodat vrouwen in de politiek terecht kunnen komen en vandaaruit de positie proberen te verbeteren

Het feminisme

Mensen die opkomen voor gelijke rechten tussen man/vrouw zijn feministen. De bekendste feminist was Aletta Jacobs. Zij was de eerste vrouw op een universiteit en later huisarts.

                                                                       -->

                                                                       pessarium

Bij opdracht 3

Samengevat:

Een aantal groepen voelden zich achtergesteld (om verschillende redenen):

-Socialisten (arbeiders): kiesrecht mannen

-Katholieken (eigen scholen)

-Protestanten (eigen scholen)

-Vrouwen: kiesrecht en gelijke rechten

Bij opdracht 3

Kies een van deze groepen voor opdracht 3.

Gebruik Lessonup en het werkpad voor informatie.

3.Je laat zien hoe een bepaalde

 bevolkingsgroep achtergesteld werd.