V4 week 16 - Unit 4 auxiliaries

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vmbo lwoo, vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Unit 4 - grammar so far

• Mixed tenses (4.1)
• Continuous tenses (4.2)
•  Modals/auxiliary verbs (hulpwerkwoorden)  (4.2)

Past & present simple - present perfect & past perfect 

simple  vs continuous tenses

Future: present simple/ present continuous/to be going to/ will (top 4 in chart)

Simple vs continuous tenses

Present Perfect Signal words

• just
• yet
• never
• already
• ever
• so far
• up to now
• recently
• since
• for
• all morning etc.  (this morning -> If it is still going on!)

Past Simple signal words

• when
• ago
• last week/year/time etc.
• In 1945 etc.
• yesterday
• this morning (looking back/finished)

Questions/negative sentences

Present simple -> does/doesn't + hele ww (he/she/it); do/don't + hele ww (I/you/we/they)

i.e. She works as a nurse. Does she work as a nurse? No, she doesn't.

Past simple -> did/didn't + hele ww (alle personal pronouns)

i.e. He taught French at that school last year. Did he really teach that? Actually, he didn't do that.

Present Perfect -> has + voltooid dw. (3e vorm)/ have + voltooid dw. (3e vorm) (has = he/she/it; have =I/you/we/they)

i.e. I have never eaten snails in my life. Has he ever eaten snails? No, he hasn't.

Auxiliaries/modals -> they always go together with a lexical verb (zww/betekenis ww.) -> put the auxiliary first in questions/neg.

(can/could/will/would/shall/should/must/may/might/need/to be willing to etc.)

i.e. Can you help me? Might I be excused?

https:

Want / make / would like / mind of willing?

1 Een verzoek doen aan iemand anders:

dwingend

∇

to make someone

+ hele ww.                           My mum made me do the washing-up.   Mijn moeder dwong me de afwas te doen.

∇

to want someone to

+ hele ww.                           My mum wants me to do the washing-up, but I don't feel like it.  Mijn moeder wil dat de afwas doe,

                                                maar ik heb geen zin.

∇

would like someone to

+ hele ww                             My mum would like me to do the washing-up.    Mijn moeder wil graag dat ik de afwas doe.

niet dwingend

met enige tegenzin

∇

(not) mind

+ hele ww

+ -ing

My sister doesn't mind

helping people.

Mijn zus vindt het niet erg om

mensen te helpen.

∇

be willing to

+ hele ww

My sister is always

willing to help people.

Mijn zus is altijd bereid

mensen te helpen.

∇

would rather

+ hele ww

My sister would rather

help people than sit in an office.

Mijn zus helpt liever mensen

dan dat ze op kantoor zit.

graag

would (not) mind / be willing to / would rather

2. Aangeven wat je zelf wilt

met enige tegenzin

∇

(not) mind

+ hele ww

+ -ing.              My sister doesn't mind helping people.       Mijn zus vindt het niet erg om mensen te helpen.

∇

be willing to

+ hele ww.      My sister is always willing to help people.    Mijn zus is altijd bereid. mensen te helpen.

∇

would rather

+ hele ww.       My sister would rather help people than sit in an office.   Mijn zus helpt liever mensen dan dat ze op kantoor zit.

graag

Want / make / would like / mind of willing?

1 Een verzoek doen aan iemand anders:

dwingend

∇

to make someone

+ hele ww.                           My mum made me do the washing-up.   Mijn moeder dwong me de afwas te doen.

∇

to want someone to

+ hele ww.                           My mum wants me to do the washing-up, but I don't feel like it.  Mijn moeder wil dat de afwas doe,

                                                maar ik heb geen zin.

∇

would like someone to

+ hele ww                             My mum would like me to do the washing-up.    Mijn moeder wil graag dat ik de afwas doe.

niet dwingend

met enige tegenzin

∇

(not) mind

+ hele ww

+ -ing

My sister doesn't mind

helping people.

Mijn zus vindt het niet erg om

mensen te helpen.

∇

be willing to

+ hele ww

My sister is always

willing to help people.

Mijn zus is altijd bereid

mensen te helpen.

∇

would rather

+ hele ww

My sister would rather

help people than sit in an office.

Mijn zus helpt liever mensen

dan dat ze op kantoor zit.

graag

Can/could/be able to 

Can/could/be able to  = Kunnen; in staat zijn om

Can = present tense

Could = Zou kunnen - beleefheidsvorm; past tense 

Have been able to = present perfect

Had been able to = past perfect

Will be able to = future simple

Can = mogelijk zijn; Could = zou mogelijk zijn

Could have = mogelijk geweest in verleden, maar niet gebeurd

Snow storms can occur in winter 

It could even snow this afternoon.

You could have called me! Now I have missed the party.

To be allowed to/may/might = mogen, misschien kunnen

To be allowed to = mogen/toestemming hebben (alle tijden/tenses)

I was allowed to go to the party yesterday. Before we met, she had  never been allowed to visit that club.

May/might = toestemming, formeel gebruik

May = mogen; present tense (May I be excused?)

Might = zou mogen (meer twijfel; super beleefd); past tense (Might I have a word with you?)

Voor alle andere tijden -> to be allowed to

May/might = misschien

He may visit us later today (Hij komt misschien later vandaag op bezoek/langs)

He might visit us later (might = meer twijfel; heel misschien/zou misschien)

Might have + 3rd form = iets was mogelijk geweest in het verleden, maar het is niet gebeurd

You might have fallen off that cliff!

must/have to/don't have to/needn't/should

Must = moeten; present simple only; 

used for signs ("protective helmets must be worn at this point"); 

used by the person speaking (Teacher: "You must write this down")

used for logical conclusions (logische gevolgtrekking - He's so pale: he must be ill!; He must have forgotten it)

Must not = verbod

You mustn't startle the monkies.

Have to = moeten; all tenses

used for law; regulations, other people speaking (You have to wear a seatbelt; Mom said I had to listen to her)

He has had to work hard all of his life; They had had to study hard for this test, and they passed it!

Don't/doesn't/didn't/won't have to/needn't = niet hoeven 

You don't have to worry; You needn't worry

must/have to/don't have to/needn't/should

Should = zou (eigenlijk) moeten (as in friendly advice)

You should listen to your best friend.

You should go to the dentist

Should have +3rd form = iets had eigenlijk moeten gebeuren, maar is niet gebeurd