Structure and Function of the Skeletal System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM
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Slide 1: Tekstslide
A&PHigher Education (non-degree)

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM

Slide 1 - Tekstslide

What are you going to learn?
In this lesson you're going to learn to . . .
1
2
3
Describe the structure of the muscular system.

Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

Identify the muscles of the arm and leg
Identify the bones of the head, neck and shoulder
4

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON  
Cranium- This is the highest bone of the skeleton and is made up of 8 bones fused together to protect the brain.

Scapula- This bone is also named as the shoulder blade that connects the clavicle to the humerus. It forms the posterior of the shoulder girdle.
RIbs- Adults have 12 pairs of these flat bones which attach at the spine and the sternum to form a cage around heart and lungs to protect them.
Radius- This bone also forms part of the lower arm as it is positioned next to the Ulna and runs in line with the thumb side of the hand.
Clavicle- This bone forms part of the shoulder and attaches the upper arm to the body. It is sometimes called your collar bone.
Mandible- the lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton.
Femur- This is the longest bone in the body and attaches to the pelvis at the top and the knee at the bottom. It is commonly known as the thigh bone.
Fibula- This is the smaller bone of the lower leg, positioned behind the Tibia, it is mainly used for muscles of the lower leg to attach to
Tibia- This is the biggest bone in the lower leg, which joins with the Femur and Patella to form the knee joint, positioned at the front of the Fibula.
Pubis - This bone is one of three bones that fuse to form the hip bone. Together with the ilium and ischium.
Carpals- These bones are bones of the wrist that connect the end of the radius and ulnar bones of the forearm to the bases of the metacarpal bones of the hand.
Metacarpals- These bones are located in the wrist between the carpals and phalanges. 
Phalanges- These bones are found in both the hands and feet and form the bony core of the digits
Sternum- This is a flat bone in the middle of the chest that is shaped like a dagger. It is attached to the clavicle and protects the heart and joins the ribs together.
Patella- This is a small square bone that sits on top of the femur and the Tibia to form the knee joint.
Tarsals- These bones are situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsals. 
Metatarsals- These bones are located in the foot between the tarsals and phalanges.  
Phalanges - These bones are found in both the hands and feet and form the bony core of the digits.
Humerus- This is sometimes called your funny bone and it forms the upper arm connecting the shoulder at the top and the forearm at the bottom.
Ulna- This bone forms part of the lower arm and joins the Humerus with the elbow joint and runs in line with the little finger.
Illium- This bone is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.
Ishium- This bone is a paired bone of the pelvis that forms the lower and back part of the hip bone. 
Vertebral Coloumn- This is 33 separate bones all joined together and join your cranium to your hips. These bones also allow your to perform movements like bending and nodding.
 

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

Cranium
Mandible
Humerus
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ulna
Radius
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Illium 
Ishium
Ribs
Pubis
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Slide 4 - Sleepvraag

Match up the functions of the skeleton to the images
Storage
Production
Protection
Movement
Structure

Slide 5 - Sleepvraag

What do you already know about the bones in the head, neck and shoulder?

Slide 6 - Woordweb

BONES OF THE CRANIUM 
The  cranium (skull) is composed of 22 bones and protects the brain.  

Eight bones make up the cranium and 14 bones form the bones of the facial skeleton. 

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

EIGHT BONES OF THE CRANIUM 
Frontal x 1
Forms the front of the skull and forehead and the eye sockets.
Parietal x 2
Form the upper sides of the skull and the back of the roof of the skull.
Temporal x 2
Form the sides of the skull below the parietal bones and around the ears. 
Sphenoid x 1
In front of the temporal bone.  Serves as a bridge between the cranium and the facial bones.
Ethmoid x 1
Forms part of the orbit, nasal cavity and nasal septum.
Occipital x 1
Forms the back of the cranium.

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

FOURTEEN BONES OF THE CRANIUM 
Maxilla x 2
Largest bones of the face. Upper jaw, supports teeth.
Mandible x 1
Only moveable part of the  skull. Forms the lower jaw.
Zygomatic x 2
Form the cheekbones.
Nasal x 2
Turbinate x 2
Bridge of the nose.
Found inside the nasal cavities.
Lacrimal x 2
Smallest of the facial bones. Near the eye orbit.
Vomer x 1
Single bone which separates the nasal cavity.
Palatine x 2
Form the roof of the house.

Slide 9 - Tekstslide

timer
3:00
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Mandible
Vomer
Zygomatic
Nasal
suture

Slide 10 - Sleepvraag

Which bone forms the upper arm?
A
Humerus
B
Fibula
C
Tibia
D
Femur

Slide 11 - Quizvraag

What is the largest bone in the human body?
A
Femur
B
Tibia
C
Ulna
D
Radius

Slide 12 - Quizvraag

Which bone protects the brain?
A
Skull
B
Sternum
C
Clavicle
D
Scapula

Slide 13 - Quizvraag

What are the small bones in the wrist called?
A
Carpals
B
Phalanges
C
Tarsals
D
Metacarpals

Slide 14 - Quizvraag

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
In the muscular system, muscle tissue is categorised into three distinct types: 

1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth. 
Each type of muscle tissue in the human body has a unique structure and a specific role. Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures. Cardiac muscle contracts the heart to pump blood. The smooth muscle tissue that forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes shape to facilitate bodily functions. 

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. 
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system. 
Cardiac muscle is found only in the myocardium of the heart, it contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat. 
Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons.
Smooth muscle tissue allows for contraction and relaxation with great elasticity. In the urinary bladder they allow those organs to expand and relax. In the digestive tract they facilitate swallowed food and nutrients. In artery walls they relax and contract to move blood through the body.
Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes. Like skeletal muscle cells cardiocytes have a striated appearance, but their overall structure is shorter and thicker. 

Slide 16 - Tekstslide

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 
Learning the muscular system often involves memorising details about each muscle, like where a muscle attaches to bones and how a muscle helps move a joint. 

A skeletal muscle attaches to bone (or sometimes other muscles or tissues) at two or more places. 

Origin
If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an action, the attachment is called an origin. 

Insertion
If the place is on the bone that moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion. 

Slide 17 - Tekstslide

UPPER LIMB SKELETAL MUSCLES   
Wrist Extensors
Origin- Lateral humerus

Insertion- Back of hand

Primary action/s- Extension of wrist.
Brachialis
Origin- Mid humerus 

Insertion- Superior ulna 

Primary action/s- Flexion of forearm. 
Brachioradialis
Origin- Distal humerus

Insertion- Distal radius

Primary action/s- Flexion and supination of forearm. 
Wrist Flexors
Origin- Medial humerus

Insertion- Palm of hand

Primary action/s- Flexion of wrist.
Triceps Brachii
Origin- Long head: superior scapula, Lateral head: lateral posterior humerus, Medial head: Posterior humerus

Insertion- Superior ulna (olecranion)

Primary action/s- Extension of shoulder and elbow joint. 
Bicep Brachii
Origin- Long head: superior scapula, Short head: anterior scapula

Insertion- Radius 

Primary action/s- Flexion of shoulder and elbow joint, supination of forearm. 

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
Plantaris
Origin- Lateral upper femur

Insertion- Calcaneus 

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion of ankle. 
Gastrocnemius
Origin- Posterior medial / Lateral upper femur

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Flexion of knee and Plantarflexion of ankle. 
Tibialis Anterior
Origin- Lateral tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Tibialis Posterior
Origin- Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Popliteus
Origin- Lateral upper femur 

Insertion- Posterior upper tibia

Primary action/s- Flexion and medial rotation of the knee
Soleus
Origin- Upper posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion of ankle. 

Slide 19 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG  
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Lateral upper tibia and anterior fibula

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Eversion of ankle. Extension of the 4 outer toes. 
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Anterior surface of the fibula 

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. Extension of the 1st (big) toe. 
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Posterior surface of the tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 4 outer toes. 
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Lower fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 1st (big) toe. 

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

Which muscle in the lower leg is deep to the gastrocnemius?
A
Rectus femoris
B
Latissimus dorsi
C
Soleus
D
Trapezius

Slide 21 - Quizvraag

Which muscle is located in the upper arm?
A
Biceps brachii
B
Rectus abdominis
C
Gluteus maximus
D
Deltoid

Slide 22 - Quizvraag

What is the main muscle in the lower leg?
A
Gastrocnemius
B
Quadriceps
C
Soleus
D
Hamstrings

Slide 23 - Quizvraag