3.3 Between pressure and promise

3.3 Between pressure and promise
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Slide 1: Tekstslide
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In deze les zitten 48 slides, met interactieve quizzen, tekstslides en 4 videos.

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3.3 Between pressure and promise

Slide 1 - Tekstslide

What is this lesson about?
How did the Soviets set up their communist state? 

What measures were taken by the communists during the civil war 

How did Stalin manage to seize power 

Which economic changes were implemented under Stalin? 





Slide 2 - Tekstslide

people in this lesson
Joseph Stalin
dictator
Soviet Union
Vladimir Lenin
Communist leader
Soviet Union
Leon Trotsky
Stalin's rival
Soviet Union

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

Word Duty






New Economic Policy: program instituted by Lenin for a temporarily more capitalism-oriented economic policy
superpower: very powerful and influential nation in the world
totalitarian state: state with a centralised government that is dictatorial and controls every part of people’s lives
Five-Year Plan: Stalin’s plan to industrialise the Soviet Union over five years
collectivisation: forceful joining of agriculture into huge state farms
kulak: peasant in Russia, who is wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour
Great Purge: period of repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s
Gulag forced labour camps: system of forced labour camps in which opponents of the Soviet Union were imprisoned and many people died
cult of personality: excessive public admiration for or devotion to a famous person









WORD DUTY

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

Slide 5 - Video

Important dates in this lesson:


1921: New Economic Policy
1924: Lenin dies
1928: first Five-Year Plan




Slide 6 - Tekstslide

What you will learn in 
this lesson
  •  how Lenin and Stalin turned the Soviet Union into an industrial country
  • why and how Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial superpower
  • that Stalin ruled as a dictator and created a cult of personality around himself
Use these questions to make your own summary

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

Introduction

Lenin had begun to transform the new Soviet Union into a communist state, but died before his plans were realised. After a power struggle, Joseph Stalin became the new leader. How did Stalin rule the Soviet-Union?




Propaganda poster. The text says: ‘And Stalin raised us to be loyal to the people, inspired us to work and to deeds!’, Leonid Golovanov, 1949,

Slide 8 - Tekstslide

Lenin’s New Economic Policy

The communist party had full control over the Soviet-Union. One of their first moves was taking out the opposition. 
The bolsheviks nationalised banks and factories. 


The revolution, World War I and the civil war had led to a destruction of agriculture, which caused widespread famine. Lenin had also forcefully confiscated food from the peasants to feed his Red Army. Now the Soviet-Union was an even more backwards country then it was in 1914.


To make things better, Lenin brought in the New Economic Policy. With this, he took a step backwards from communism and towards capitalism. 



 Lenin holding a speech to Bolsheviks, 1917.


Slide 9 - Tekstslide

1. Lenin's NEP was a direct result of:
A
World War 1
B
the Russian Revolution
C
the Civil War
D
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Slide 10 - Quizvraag

3. Explain why Lenin’s New Economic Policy is described as ‘a step backwards from communism and towards capitalism’.

Slide 11 - Open vraag

4. Why did Lenin decide on this policy?

Slide 12 - Open vraag

5. A historian once said: "With the NEP Lenin poured water into the red wine". Can you explain what he meant?

Slide 13 - Open vraag

capitalism
communism
2. make the correct combinations
businesses are owned by the state
big difference between poor and rich
you work to make a profit for yourself
peasant must sell their crops to the state
the state controls the economy

Slide 14 - Sleepvraag

Lenin 
  • Lenin died in 1924 
  • Two men fought for the leadership position 






Trotsky was a follower of Karl Marx and Stalin wanted communism at home. 

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

How had Stalin become so powerful when
Lenin was still alive?
A
he was trusted by Lenin
B
he gave friends important jobs in the party
C
he had helped the Bolsheviks win the Civil War
D
he had ended WW1

Slide 16 - Quizvraag

Lenin appointed Stalin as his successor in his testament
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 17 - Quizvraag

Look at the source. Comparing Stalin and Lenin,
does the source suggest Stalin would continue Lenin's
policy or do things completely different? Explain how
you see that in the poster


Stalin as the leader and Lenin’s heir. Soviet propaganda Poster (1944).

Slide 18 - Open vraag

Lenin would have agreed with this poster.

Write one argument to support
this statement and one argument
to renounce this statement



Stalin as the leader and Lenin’s heir. Soviet propaganda Poster (1944).

Slide 19 - Open vraag

Workers paradise 
Stalin ended the NEP.
It was replaced by a command economy.

The SU used Five-year Plans 

Priority was given to coal,oil, electircity, steel and tractors. 

Everything resolved around heavy industry. 
There was a shortage of shoes, clothes and other basic needs 

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

Collectivised 
Farms had to be upgraded 
  • All the farms were collectivised 
  • These large collective farmes were called kolkhozes. 
  • They had to produce according the 5 year plans. All their produce went to the state.
  • The peasants weren't happy about this 
  1. All their produce had to go to the state
  2. People had to leave their native soil for working in a factory.  


Slide 21 - Tekstslide

Kulaks 
  • Peasants who protested were called Kulaks. 
  • Most of these protesters were sent to forced labour camps
  • Famine struck again between 1929 and 1933 (millions died) 
  • The Soviet Union was admired for it's succesfull industralisation

Slide 22 - Tekstslide

Slide 23 - Link

10. In a totalitarian state privacy is an important value
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 24 - Quizvraag

11a. In a Five Year Plan factories were told to make as much profit as possible within 5 years.
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 25 - Quizvraag

11b. Five Year plans fit well in a totalitarian state
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 26 - Quizvraag

12. Use the data to support the
statement that the Five-Year Plan
was a success and a failure as well.

Slide 27 - Open vraag

What do you think a Soviet factory manager’s
priority would be?
A
Making a high quality product
B
The safety of the workers
C
Getting the job done in time
D
Making profit

Slide 28 - Quizvraag

Collectivisation

To pay for the industrialisation, Stalin wanted to revolutionise agriculture. In order to gain more from farmland, he forced farmers to give up their private land to work for big agricultural companies. During this collectivisation, farmers had to work on the kolkhoz, huge state farms, and had to give their yield to the state. Stalin sold the yield to foreign countries and used the money to buy machines that were necessary for industry. Independent farmers resisted collectivisation because they did not want to give up their land and livestock. When they were forced, many slaughtered their own animals rather then giving them up. Everyone who resisted was called a kulak and stigmatised as an enemy of the state. Government officials and the secret police arrested them; kulaks were killed or send to labour camps where they had to work under terrible conditions. Farmers that joined the collectivisation had to share tools and agricultural machines. They were all responsible for the yield of the land and each year they had to satisfy targets demanded by the state. This sometimes caused problems when there was a bad harvest, but Stalin still demanded all the food, even when there was not enough for the farmers to eat or to plant for the next year. This led to a terrible famine in Ukraine, which killed millions of people.        Watch this video to do question 17





Against the Kulak’s Howl - A Concerted, Collective Front to Sow!’. Soviet poster, 1920s.



A starving family in a courtyard during the famine in the Ukraine


Slide 29 - Tekstslide

Collectivisation comes from the word "collective".
Which word does NOT belong to "collective"?
A
together
B
cooperation
C
acting as a group
D
individual

Slide 30 - Quizvraag

Explain what was collective about the "Collectivisation" of the Soviet agriculture.


Slide 31 - Open vraag

Why were kulaks seen as enemies of communism?


Slide 32 - Open vraag

16a. Here you see the logo of the communist party
of the Soviet Union. It contains of two tools.
Choose the number and write down
the name of the tool and write down whether
this was used in industry or agriculture


Slide 33 - Open vraag

16b. In the logo, both tools seem connected.
Under Stalin, the connection between industry
and agriculture became explicit. Explain how
industry could benefit from the increasing
agricultural production.



Slide 34 - Open vraag

16c. In what way could agriculture benefit
from industrial development?




Slide 35 - Open vraag

17. click on the link "video" in the text slide and watch
the video.

Explain the causal relationship between
collectivisation and Mrs. Karpenko’s story.

Slide 36 - Open vraag

The Great Purge

In order to consolidate his power even more, Stalin developed a strong secret police and intelligent agency. Especially during the Great Purge (between 1936 and 1938), everyone who opposed Stalin was arrested and subjected to a fake trial. These show trials made people believe that there was a fair justice system, but the accused were already branded guilty beforehand. Political opponents suddenly ‘disappeared’ and kulaks were punished by imprisonment, which actually meant that they were being executed. Others were sent to workcamps. These included thousands of high ranking officers of the Red Army, who were not trusted by Stalin. In the Gulag forced labour camps, they had to work hard under terrible conditions. Historians estimate that more than two million people died of cold, famine, exhaustion and disease in these camps.







enemies of communism are "purged".







Stalin's wife, Nadezjda, did not know about the cruelties for a long time. When she found what her husband did she resisted him.Not long after, she was shot. Nobody knows if she killed herself or if Stalin murdered her.

Slide 37 - Tekstslide

18. Why are trials in which opponents of Stalin were tried called "show trials"?


Slide 38 - Open vraag

19. A person is not guilty until tried and proven guilty. This statement is one of the cornerstones of our current rule of law.
How does this differ from the judicial situation in the Soviet Union?






Slide 39 - Open vraag

20. What was the purpose of the Great Purge?







Slide 40 - Open vraag

‘Father of Nations’

Stalin used propaganda in order to indoctrinate the Russians and make them believe that he was an all-powerful, wise and kind leader. A big
cult of personality around him was built, in which children had to learn songs and poems about him. They had to thank Stalin for their country and their lives. The phrase, ‘thank you dear comrade Stalin for our happy childhood,’ appeared above doorways at schools and nurseries. Posters, that pictured the dictator as a kind father figure and a powerful leader, could be found everywhere. Stalin was shown as the true follower of Lenin and because of this, his rule was faultless. Stalin was pictured next to Lenin, cities were named after him, books and music were written about him and almost every city had its own statue of the dictator.
The next slide shows a scene from a propaganda film. Try not to laugh..








"In 1920, [Dmitry] Moor designed a striking poster, "Bud' na strazhe!" (Be on Guard!) that featured a drawing of Trotsky holding a bayonet and standing, larger than life, on Russian territory, with minuscule enemies around him."







‘Comrade Stalin’
When today someone calls you comrade, it means that he sees you as a kind of friend. In the Soviet-Union, the word comrade was used to address fellow communists. Even Stalin was called ‘comrade Stalin’. For many people the word is still connected to communism.

Slide 41 - Tekstslide

Slide 42 - Video

‘Thank you beloved Stalin for our happy childhood’, Viktor Govorkov, 1936

Slide 43 - Tekstslide

21. Read the text in the hotspot.
Explain how the altering of history contributed
to Stalin’s cult of personality.



Stalin’s daughter Svetlana wrote in her autobiography: ‘My father revised the handbook “A short history of the communist party in the Soviet Union”. By doing that, he made sure everyone who had ever opposed him, disappeared completely from history. The first of them was Trotsky, once his primary rival.’


Slide 44 - Open vraag

22. Read the source.
This source fits best with:
A
collectivisation
B
the period of the NEP
C
the Purges
D
the final phase of the first Five-Year Plan

Slide 45 - Quizvraag

Would you like to ask a question about something you don't understand in this lesson? You can do that here.



Slide 46 - Open vraag

Slide 47 - Video

Slide 48 - Video