Muscles of the arm and leg

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Slide 1: Tekstslide
A&PHigher Education (non-degree)

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE 
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR SPORTS MASSAGE

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Slide 1 - Tekstslide

What are you going to learn?
In this lesson you're going to learn to . . .
1
2
3
Describe characteristics of types of muscle tissue
Locate and describe action of the major anterior and posterior skeletal muscles
Identify and locate muscle attachment and insertion points. 
Describe the role of muscles during movement
4
6
5
Explain different types of muscle contraction
Explain the principle of muscle contraction

Slide 2 - Tekstslide

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
In the muscular system, muscle tissue is categorised into three distinct types: 

1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth. 
Each type of muscle tissue in the human body has a unique structure and a specific role. Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures. Cardiac muscle contracts the heart to pump blood. The smooth muscle tissue that forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes shape to facilitate bodily functions. 

Slide 3 - Tekstslide

CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE  
Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance. 
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system. 
Cardiac muscle is found only in the myocardium of the heart, it contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat. 
Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons.
Smooth muscle tissue allows for contraction and relaxation with great elasticity. In the urinary bladder they allow those organs to expand and relax. In the digestive tract they facilitate swallowed food and nutrients. In artery walls they relax and contract to move blood through the body.
Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes. Like skeletal muscle cells cardiocytes have a striated appearance, but their overall structure is shorter and thicker. 

Slide 4 - Tekstslide

Match up the descriptions to the muscle tissue types
Contract by shortening in length
Located in the walls of the myocardium
Striated in appearance 
Voluntary - under conscious control
Involuntary - under unconscious control
Contract with peristaltic (wave) action 
Located in skeletal muscles
 Located in the walls of  organs and digestive system
Involuntary - under unconscious control
Appear spindle-shaped 

Slide 5 - Sleepvraag

MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 
Learning the muscular system often involves memorising details about each muscle, like where a muscle attaches to bones and how a muscle helps move a joint. 

A skeletal muscle attaches to bone (or sometimes other muscles or tissues) at two or more places. 

Origin
If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an action, the attachment is called an origin. 

Insertion
If the place is on the bone that moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion. 

Slide 6 - Tekstslide

MUSCLE ACTION 
The muscles surrounding synovial joints are responsible for moving the body in space. These muscle actions are often paired, like flexion and extension or abduction and adduction. Below the common terms are listed and defined. 










Flexion and Extension
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones (bending).

Extension: increasing the angle between two bones (straightening a bend).

Example: At the elbow joint
The triceps brachii muscle extend the elbow. The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis flex the elbow.
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: moving away from the body’s midline.

Adduction: moving toward the body’s midline.

Example: At the hip joint
The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and sartorius are muscles that abduct the hip. The pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis adduct the hip.
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion: bringing your foot upward toward your shin.

Plantar flexion: depressing your foot down. 

Example: at the ankle joint
The tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the ankle joint. Whereas the gastrocnemius plantarflexes the ankle joint. 

Elevation and Depression
Elevation: moving a body part up.

Depression: moving a body part down.

Example: at the shoulder girdle
The upper traperzius, rhomboids and levator scapula are muscles that elevate the shoulder girdle. Whereas the lower traperzius and pectorial minor depress the shoulder girdle.
Eversion and Inversion
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward.

Example: at the ankle joint
The tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior are muscles that invert the ankle joint. Whereas the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius evert the ankle joint.
Protraction and Retraction
Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down.
Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up.

Example: at the shoulder girdle
The mid / lower traperzius and rhomboids are muscles that retract the shoulder girdle. Whereas the pectorialis minor and serratus anterior protract the shoulder girdle.
Pronation and Supination
Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing backward or down.

Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm is facing forward or up.

Example: at the elbow joint
The pronator teres and pronator quadratus pronate the forearm. Whereas the biceps brachii and brachioradialis supinate the forearm. 

Slide 7 - Tekstslide

Which action involves the straightening and increasing the angle between body parts?
A
Flexion
B
Extension
C
Abduction
D
Adduction

Slide 8 - Quizvraag

What term refers to the bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts?
A
Flexion
B
Extension
C
Adduction
D
Abduction

Slide 9 - Quizvraag

Which term describes the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body?
A
Abduction
B
Flexion
C
Extension
D
Adduction

Slide 10 - Quizvraag

UPPER LIMB SKELETAL MUSCLES   
Wrist Extensors
Origin- Lateral humerus

Insertion- Back of hand

Primary action/s- Extension of wrist.
Flexor carpi radialis
Origin- Mid humerus 

Insertion- Bases of metacarpal bones 2-3

Primary action/s- Flexion of the wrist
Extensor digitorum
Origin- Lateral surface of the humerus

Insertion- Superficially down the forearm extending into tendons which attach to the four phalanges. 

Primary action/s-  Extension of the fingers and wrist
Wrist Flexors
Origin- Medial humerus

Insertion- Palm of hand

Primary action/s- Flexion of wrist.
Thenar muscles
Origin- Trapezium

Insertion- proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Primary action/s- Abduction and flexion of the thumb
Bicep Brachii
Origin- Long head: superior scapula, Short head: anterior scapula

Insertion- Radius 

Primary action/s- Flexion of shoulder and elbow joint, supination of forearm. 

Slide 11 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
Gastrocnemius
Origin- Posterior medial / Lateral upper femur

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Flexion of knee and Plantarflexion of ankle. 
Tibialis Anterior
Origin- Lateral tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Tibialis Posterior
Origin- Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. 
Extensor digitorum longus
Origin- Medial surface of the fibula.

Insertion- Distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Primary action/s- Toe extension, foot dorsiflexion and foot eversion.
Soleus
Origin- Upper posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion- Calcaneus

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion of ankle. 

Slide 12 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG  
Peroneus Brevis
Origin- Lower lateral surface of fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Eversion of ankle. 
Peroneus Longus
Origin- Upper lateral surface of fibula
 
Insertion- Plantar surface of foot

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Eversion of ankle. 
Peroneus Tertius
Origin- Lower anterior surface of fibula

Insertion- Dorsal surface of foot

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Eversion of ankle. 

Slide 13 - Tekstslide

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG  
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Lateral upper tibia and anterior fibula

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Eversion of ankle. Extension of the 4 outer toes. 
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Anterior surface of the fibula 

Insertion- Dorsal surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle. Extension of the 1st (big) toe. 
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin- Posterior surface of the tibia

Insertion- Plantar surface of 4 outer toes

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 4 outer toes. 
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin- Lower fibula

Insertion- Plantar surface of 1st (big) toe

Primary action/s- Plantarflexion and Inversion of ankle. Flexion of the 1st (big) toe. 

Slide 14 - Tekstslide

ROLE OF MUSCLES DURING MOVEMENT  
While many muscles may be involved in any given action, muscle function terminology allows you to quickly understand the various roles different muscles play in each movement.




Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the movement changes direction.

Prime movers / agonist
The prime mover, sometimes called the agonist, is the muscle that provides the primary force driving the action. 
Antagonist
An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement. 
Fixator / Stabilisers
Stabilisers act to keep bones immobile when needed. Your back muscles, for example, are stabilizers when they are keeping your posture sturdy.


Synergists.
One or more synergists are often involved in an action. Synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover in its role.

Slide 15 - Tekstslide

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
A
Support and protection of body organs
B
Voluntary movements of limbs
C
Contraction of the heart
D
Involuntary movements of internal organs

Slide 16 - Quizvraag

What type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
A
Smooth muscle
B
Nervous tissue
C
Cardiac muscle
D
Skeletal muscle

Slide 17 - Quizvraag

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist?
A
Abductor pollicis longus
B
Flexor carpi ulnaris
C
Extensor digitorum
D
Adductor pollicis

Slide 18 - Quizvraag

Which muscle type is responsible for movement in the body?
A
Cardiac muscle
B
Smooth muscle
C
Skeletal muscle
D
Connective tissue

Slide 19 - Quizvraag

What you have learnt
Following this lesson you should now be able to . . .
1
2
3
Describe characteristics of types of muscle tissue
Locate and describe action of the major anterior and posterior skeletal muscles
Identify and locate muscle attachment and insertion points. 
Describe the role of muscles during movement
4
6
5
Explain different types of muscle contraction
Explain the principle of muscle contraction

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

Well done! Great job, you have now completed this lesson. 
Next up...The structure and function of the nervous system. 

Slide 21 - Tekstslide