Support and locomotion

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 1

Support and locomotion

Welcome back!

• Review endtest 
• Log in into Learnbeat 
• Start new chapter 

Review endtest

• Bags in front of the class 
• Nothing on your desk  

Switch to learnbeat 

• English terms that are used in Malmberg are too difficult 
• Chapter support and locomotion will be on Learnbeat 
• Join the class!

Homework

A Skeleton 

Part 1 The skeleton question A - F

All on learnbeat!

Welcome!

• Throwback to the homework
• Skeletons of other animals
• Function of skeletons 
• Posture 

Skeletons,  human versus animals

The structure determines the function

Arched (gebogen) for strength

Start working

On learnbeat:

A Skeleton 

Part 2 skeletons of other animals

Read the text and make question A - F

Use the picture of part 1 to answer A for the comparison with humans

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Shape

• Without our bones we cannot stand straight.

MOVEMENT

• Muscles and bones are connected.
• Without muscles we cannot move. 
• These muscles are called skeletal muscles.

PROTECTION

• Important organs, heart, lungs etc. are protected by our skeleton

Storage

• Inside bones, minerals and fatt is stored.
• Minerals are for example calcium, iron, magnesium and can be found in food. 

Start working

On learnbeat:

A Skeleton 

Part 3 the skeleton's function

Read the text and make question A - C

The spine

• Also called the backbone
•  Keeping you upright
• Double S curve

What if you don't have a right spine?

Start working

On learnbeat:

A Skeleton 

Part 4 the backbone

Read the text and make question A - C

Homework next week

A the skeleton 

Part 2-4

All questions

Learnbeat unit:

Movement

B. Bones and cartilage

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

1. 406
2. 206
3. 270
4. 311

Why do we have a
skeleton?
=

Functions of the skeleton

1. Support: keeps the body up and keeps organs in place
2. Movement: by using muscles
3. Protection: keeps soft inner organs safe
4. Storage of minerals and fats

What is the main function of your skull?

1. protection
2. movement
3. support
4. blood cell production

Today's planning

- Learnbeat B. Bones and cartilage

- Making some assignments

- Demo bones (collagen & calcium phosphate)

- Using the microscope

Skeleton

Skeleton

Consist of 3 parts: head, torso, limbs

Has two different types of tissue: 

- Bone tissue (botweefsel) 

- Cartilage tissue (kraakbeenweefsel)

1. Explain what the function is of a tissue
2. Name the parts a tissue is made of

Tissues

• Tissue = cells with the same shape and function. 
• Tissue consists of cells and extra cellular matrix (outside the cells). In the extra cellular matrix substances can be found.
• Collagen (collageen) =  is a substance that makes a tissue flexible and soft. It is not very strong.
• Calcium phosphate (kalkzouten) = is a substance that makes a tissue hard and strong 

Bones

• Give strength, let us move and stand upright
• Contain calcium phosphate (kalkzouten) and a bit of collagen (collageen)

Cartilage

• Firm, but very flexible.
• Contains a lot of collagen and a little bit of calcium phosphate 
• Protects bones from damage and makes sure movement is possible.

Welcome!

• Finishing up the theory of part B
• Work on questions of part 2 and 3 of bones and cartilage.  
• Bone demonstration
• Start part C bone connections 

Bone tissue

Cartilage tissue

Cartilage tissue

Cartilage tissue (kraakbeenweefsel):

- cellen in groepjes bij elkaar

- elastische tussencelstof (ECM)

- vooral collageen

Bone tissue (botweefsel):

- cellen in kringen om bloedvaatjes

- harde tussencelstof

- vooral kalkzouten en collageen

A change in bone tissue

• When younger --> more collagen, less calcium phosphate in bones
• When older --> more calcium phosphate, less collagen in bones
• Welke grafiek is dan juist?

What makes bone flexible?

1. collagen
2. calcium
3. cartilage

What substance makes bone strong?

1. collagen
2. calcium phosphate
3. cartilage

Get to work

On Learnbeat part B bones and cartilage

Read the text first and make the questions of part 2 and 3

This is homework for tomorrow. 

Bones demonstration

1. normal untreated bone 

2. A bone in which the collagen has been removed 

3. A bone in which the calcium phosphate has been removed. 

In pairs answer the following questions: 

- Which bone is the most flexible and which bone the less? 

- Which bone is the strongest bone and which bone is the weakest bone? 

Time to work

On learnbeat 

Part B Bones and cartilage 

Part 3 

Question A - C 

How are bones connected (verbonden) to each other?

Immobile   --    Mobile

Connection between seperate bones

1. Fused vertebrae

2. Sutures

3. Cartilage

4. joints

Which bone connection(s) are mobile?

1. Fused
2. Suture
3. Cartilage
4. Joint

Cartilage between breastbone and ribs

Cartilage between vertebrae

*you're taller in the morning than in the evening, how come? 

Time to read and make notes together on Learnbeat!

C bone connections

Part 1 bone connections

Done? Make question: A-D

1. ball-and-socket joint
(kogelgewricht)

2. Pivot joint
(rolgewricht)

3. Hinge joint
(schakelgewricht)

Grapje met hand omdraaien!?

Time to bring it together

Cut out the different bones

Places the bones in the correct places

Name the different bones (use the picture of Part 1 of A on Learnbeat)

Name the different bone connections

= Homework for the next lesson

Welcome!

Homework check

Recap theory bone connections 

Start making excersizes

Remember the homework?

Compare your finished product with your classmate?

Do have the same names

Give an example of three types of joints, a cartilage connection, suture connection and a fused vertebrae connection.

Immobile   --    Mobile

Connection between seperate bones

1. Fused vertebrae

2. Sutures

3. Cartilage

4. joints

1. ball-and-socket joint
(kogelgewricht)

2. Pivot joint
(rolgewricht)

3. Hinge joint
(schakelgewricht)

Grapje met hand omdraaien!?

Fontanelles in a baby skull 

Time to work

Part C bone connections

Part 1 - 2 and 3 

Don't forget to use the information from your notebook and the text online on Learnbeat!

Welcome!

• Short quiz
• Instruction muscles
• Homework questions
• Skelly the skeleton

How do we call joints that allow for a lot of movement?

1. Ball and socket joint
2. Pivot joint
3. Hinge joint
4. Sutures

How do we call the joints that keep the bones of the skull together?

1. fused vertebrae
2. Hine joint
3. Cartilage
4. Sutures

Old people break their bones more easily, because of .... in their bones

1. high amounts of calcium phosphate
2. low amounts of calcium phosphate
3. high amounts of collagen
4. low amounts of collagen

What isn't a function of the skeleton?

1. Giving shape to the body
2. Making movement possible
3. Keeping organs in their spots
4. Protecting organs

What type of joints are the intervertebral discs?

1. Pivot joint
2. Ball and socket joint
3. Cartilage
4. Sutures

PIVOT 

HINGE

BALL-AND-SOCKET

New born babies have fontanelles in their skull. Later, the bones will grow together and form sutures. Why did the bones not yet grow together?

Look at the X-ray of a synovial joint. What is the name of this type of joint?

1. Pivot joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Ball-and-socket joint
4. Knee joint

Next to bones and joints, what else do you need for movement?

Muscular system

• All the skeletal muscles of the body. 
• Skeletal muscles are used for voluntary movement ( bewuste bewegingen)
• Involuntary movement (onbewuste beweging) muscles are not skeletal muscles but organ muscles

The muscles in your small intestines are ...

1. voluntary muscles
2. involuntary muscles

The muscles in your tongue are ...

1. voluntary muscles
2. involuntary muscles

Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles

1. true
2. false

Muscles

• Muscles are attached to your skeleton. 
• De muscle is connected to the bone with tendons (pezen). 
• When a muscle contracts (samentrekken) the muscles becomes smaller and thicker and pulls a bone, making the bone move. 

Antigonistic pairs

• Two muscles that have opposite effects 
• If the bicep is contracted, the tricep is relaxed -> arm moves up
• If the tricep is contracted, the bicep is relaxed -> arm moves down

What is a antagonistic pair?

1. a place where two bones meet
2. muscles that work together
3. Tendons and ligaments

Time to work!

Part D Muscles

Make the questions of part 1 - 4 

• Skelly the skeleton

• Add the muscles of the arms and legs to your skeleton!
• Skelly is now complete :)

Welcome!

• What will be on the end test
• How to learn 
• Questions
• Skelly the skeleton in action

What will be on the endtest support and locomotion

• All the learning goals of part A, B, C and D of the learnbeat material
• A summary is provided on Learn beat (today you receive a paper version)

How to prepare

1. Use your notes and summary for explanation of the theory
2. Practice with the flash cards, multiple choice and open questions to learn the definitions 
3. Make the practice test and the questions of the different parts

Skelly in action: 

"Skelly the Skeleton woke up feeling adventurous. He decided to climb the tallest tree in the forest! Using his ball-and-socket joints in his shoulders and hips, Skelly reached and pulled himself up branch by branch. 

When he got to the top, he used the pivot joint in his neck to look all around. Suddenly, Skelly heard a cry for help! A little bird had fallen from its nest. Skelly carefully climbed down, his hinge joints in his knees and elbows bending with each step. He gently scooped up the bird with his fixed bone connections in his skull, protecting his precious cargo. Skelly used his strong leg bones to walk back to the bird's nest. He carefully placed the bird back in its nest, feeling proud of his helpful deed."

Questions: 

1. What type of joint did Skelly use to climb the tree?
2. What kind of bone connection did Skelly use to hold the bird?
3. How did Skelly's hinge joints help him?
4. What other joints did Skelly use on his adventure?
5. Can you think of another way Skelly could have used his skeleton to help someone?

SKribble time!

Joint trough the online code I have send on SOM

Alone or in pairs :)

Welcome!

• Kahoot 
• Recap learning goals 
• Practice test
• Questions???

Kahoot!

• Questions about the theory 
• After each question the answer is explained
• We stay calm and relax 
• If it is to exciting for you? You will have a break on the corridor (gang)
• Daisy has prepared the questions for you

Recap of all the theory

Please raise your hand if you have a question :)

The skeleton

• 206 different bones 

Skeletons,  human versus animals

The structure determines the function

Arched (gebogen) for strength

Shape

• Without our bones we cannot stand straight.

MOVEMENT

• Muscles and bones are connected.
• Without muscles we cannot move. 
• These muscles are called skeletal muscles.

PROTECTION

• Important organs, heart, lungs etc. are protected by our skeleton

Storage

• Inside bones, minerals and fatt is stored.
• Minerals are for example calcium, iron, magnesium and can be found in food. 

The spine

• Also called the backbone
•  Keeping you upright
• Double S curve

Bones

• Give strength, let us move and stand upright
• Contain calcium phosphate (kalkzouten) and a bit of collagen (collageen)

Cartilage

• Firm, but very flexible.
• Contains a lot of collagen and a little bit of calcium phosphate 
• Protects bones from damage and makes sure movement is possible.

Bone tissue

Cartilage tissue

A change in bone tissue

• When younger --> more collagen, less calcium phosphate in bones
• When older --> more calcium phosphate, less collagen in bones
• Welke grafiek is dan juist?

Immobile   --    Mobile

Connection between seperate bones

1. Fused vertebrae

2. Sutures

3. Cartilage

4. joints

1. ball-and-socket joint
(kogelgewricht)

2. Pivot joint
(rolgewricht)

3. Hinge joint
(schakelgewricht)

Grapje met hand omdraaien!?

Fontanelles in a baby skull 

Muscular system

• All the skeletal muscles of the body. 
• Skeletal muscles are used for voluntary movement ( bewuste bewegingen)
• Involuntary movement (onbewuste beweging) muscles are not skeletal muscles but organ muscles

Muscles

• Muscles are attached to your skeleton. 
• De muscle is connected to the bone with tendons (pezen). 
• When a muscle contracts (samentrekken) the muscles becomes smaller and thicker and pulls a bone, making the bone move. 

Antigonistic pairs

• Two muscles that have opposite effects 
• If the bicep is contracted, the tricep is relaxed -> arm moves up
• If the tricep is contracted, the bicep is relaxed -> arm moves down

Practice test

• Questions about the theory 
• First 10 minutes in silence
• Try to do it alone, your friend cannot help you during the test.
• Questions about the English language? Raise your hand 

Which group knows best?

• Class will be divided into two groups
• First we prepare questions and answers (10 min)
• Questions are about the theory of the endtest
• Questions will be asked to the other group
• Group that loses has to do 10 push ups